• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1397-1403
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• 2013

Fructus Sophorae, the dried ripe fruit of Styphnolobium japonicum (L.), is an herbal ingredient used in traditional Oriental medicine. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Fructus Sophorae extracts (FSE) on immune modulation in a murine RAW 264.7 macrophage model. As immune response parameters, the production of prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) and tumor necrotic $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) were evaluated. Our data revealed that FSE increased the macrophage activation and the production of $PGE_2$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$, which was consistently correlated with upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and $TNF-{\alpha}$ expression at both transcriptional and translational levels. On comparative cytokine protein array, FSE significantly increased several cytokines, which was associated with phosphorylation of mitogen- activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and Akt in RAW 264.7 cells. However, each inhibitor of these molecules attenuated the FSE-induced $PGE_2$ production. These results indicate that FSE activated macrophages through the activation of MAPKs and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 macrophages. These findings suggest that FSE may provide a promising source of an immunoenhancing agent.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.95-107
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• 2008

Objectives : Hwangnyeonhaedok-tang(HNHDT) is the one of well-known traditional herbal formula and has been widely used for the treatment of various diseases in Korea. For the quality improvement of commercial traditional herbal formula, we investigated the quality of prepared HNHDT. Methods: We measured the contents of baicalin, berberine and geniposide in the HNHDT Ex preparations on the market by HPLC and compared with the official notice of ingredients. Results: In 3 preparations of HNHDT covered with the national health insurance(NHI), the content of baicalin was various from 32.83mg to 185.05mg, the total berberine was $12.0{\sim}50.75mg$ and geniposide was $12.57{\sim}44.84mg$. Contents of marker ingredients in NHI Preparations were below the standard and showed a large variation. In 7 non NHI Preparations of HNHDT and the standard(STD) HNHDT manufactured in laboratory, the content of baicalin was $37.16{\sim}115.69mg$, the total berberine was $5.62{\sim}28.43mg$ and geniposide was $10.98{\sim}113.47mg$. But, because composition of non-NHI preparations is different from NHI preparations, every maker's contents were up to the notice for baicalin and berberine. There was newly enforced standard regulations of geniposide in non-NHI preparations, so contents of geniposide was up to that standard only in JI and STD. Conclusions: There was a large variation of contents in the HNHDT Ex preparations on the market and the quality differences were existed between NHI and non-NHI preparations of HNHDT. Further studies for evaluation of efficacy differences and standardization of manufacturing processes are necessary.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2016

It is believed that traditional Korean medicines can be managed more scientifically through the development of logical criteria to verify their region of cultivation, and that this could contribute to the advancement of the traditional herbal medicine industry. This study attempted to determine such criteria for Sansuyu. The volatile compounds were obtained from 20 samples of domestic Corni fructus (Sansuyu) and 45 samples of Chinese Sansuyu by steam distillation. The metabolites were identified in the NIST Mass Spectral Library via the obtained gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) data of 53 training samples. Data binning at 0.2 min intervals was performed to normalize the number of variables used in the statistical analysis. Multivariate statistical analyses, such as principle component analysis (PCA), partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were performed using the SIMCA-P software package. Significant variables with a variable importance in the projection (VIP) score higher than 1.0 were obtained from OPLS-DA, and variables that resulted in a p-value of less than 0.05 through one-way ANOVA were selected to verify the marker compounds. Finally, among the 11 variables extracted, 1-ethylbutyl-hydroperoxide (9.089 min), nonadecane (20.170 min), butylated hydroxytoluene (25.319 min), 5β,7βH,10α-eudesm-11-en-1α-ol (25.921 min), 7,9-bis(2-methyl-2-propanyl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione (34.257 min), and 2-decyldodecyl-benzene (54.717 min) were selected as markers to indicate the origin of Sansuyu. The statistical model developed was suitable for the determination of the geographical origin of Sansuyu. The cultivation areas of four Korean and eight Chinese Sansuyu samples were predicted via the established OPLS-DA model, and it was confirmed that 11 of the 12 samples were accurately classified.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.260-274
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• 2015

This paper has shown the experimental results about the physiological activities of water-, ethanol-, ethyl acetate-soluble fractions from ethanolic extracts of leaves, stems and roots of Cudrania tricuspidata on the skin, which has been used for a long time as a traditional herb medicine in Korea and China. The effects of these fractions on the secretion of nitric oxide and cytokines from macrophage(RAW 264.7 cell) exhibited that the ethyl acetate and water fractions from leaves inhibited the release of nitric oxide, all fractions inhibited thoses of inflammatory cytokine $IL-1{\alpha}$, and the ethyl acetate fractions of leaves, stems and roots inhibited thoses of inflammatory cytokine IL-6. The only ethylacetate fraction of leaves demonstrated significantly the reduction of melanin synthesis in melanoma cells. In order to evaluate the efficacy of collagen synthesis, the treatment with extracts on the human normal fibroblast cell(CCD-986sk cell) resulted in finding that the water fractions of leaves, stems and roots and the ethanol fractions of leaves and stems showed the increased synthesis of collagen.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.1544-1547
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• 2011

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) leaf is known to be effective for 'overcoming body heat' and stopping bleeding. It is commonly used as a traditional curing plant for the treatment of hematemesis, epistaxis, hemoptysis, hematuria, and metrorrhagia in traditional Chinese medicine. This study investigated on the effect of oral administration of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) leaf extract on the serum and liver lipid levels of rats fed a high fat diet. Experimental rats were divided into five different experimental groups, including the general diet group (Cont), high fat diet with lotus leaf extract groups (HL40, HL80, HL120), and high fat diet group (HFG). Body weight significantly decreased in the HL120 sample compared to that of Cont. The weights of the livers and kidneys of rats corresponded to the increase in body weight. Total cholesterol and triglyceride contents in liver tissues of rats were lowest in the sample HL120 sample. The levels of total lipids, total cholesterol, and triglycerides in serum were lower in the HL120 sample compared to the HFG.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.847-852
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• 2008

In order to determine the effects of puffing red ginseng (PRG) powder on the antioxidant enzyme activities of hepatotoxicity in benzo($\alpha$) pyrene[B($\alpha$)P]-treated mice, the mice were divided into 5 groups. The dried red ginseng were prepared by puffing conditions of moisture content 10% and puffing pressure $5\;kgf/cm^2$, and then powdered. PRG powder was injected i.p. once a day for 5 successive days, followed by the administration of B($\alpha$)P treatment on the fifth day. We also evaluated the relationship between lipid peroxidation and PRG powder on oxidative stress. The increased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase observed following B($\alpha$)P-treatment were reduced by the treatment of PRG powder. Whereas the glutathione content and glutathione S-transferase activity depleted by B $\alpha$)P were significantly increased, the B($\alpha$)P-associated elevation of cytochrome P-450 activities and lipid peroxide content were reduced as the result of PRG powder treatment. Especially, PRG powder had higher antioxidant activities than RG powder. These results suggest that puffing red ginseng powder can protect against B($\alpha$)P intoxicification through its antioxidant properties.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.78-88
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• 2017

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, plays an important role in tumor growth and metastasis; therefore, it has become an important target in cancer therapy. Novel anticancer pharmaceutical products that have relatively few side effects or are non-cytotoxic must be developed, and such products may be obtained from traditional herbal medicines. Coptis chinensis Franch. is an herb used in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and diabetes. However, potential antiangiogenic effects of C. chinensis water extract (CCFWE) have not yet been studied. The purpose of this study was to determine the antiangiogenic effect of CCFWE in order to evaluate its potential for an anticancer drug. We found that the treatment with CCFWE inhibited the major steps of the angiogenesis process, such as the endothelial cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and capillary-like tube formation in response to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and also resulted in the growth inhibition of new blood vessels in an ex vivo rat aortic ring assay. We also observed that CCFWE treatment arrested the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase, preventing the G0/G1 to S phase cell cycle progression in response to VEGF. In addition, the treatment reduced the VEGF-induced activation of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9. Taken together, these findings indicate that CCFWE should be considered a potential anticancer therapy against pathological conditions where angiogenesis is stimulated during tumor development.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.955-961
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• 2020

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have caused many microbiological incidents in the brewing industry, resulting in severe economic loss. Meanwhile, traditional culturing method for detecting LAB are time-consuming for brewers. The present review introduces LAB as spoilage microbes in daily life, with focus on LAB in the brewing industry, targeting at the spoilage mechanism of LAB in brewing industry including the special metabolisms, the exist of the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state and the hop resistance. At the same time, this review compares the traditional and novel rapid detection methods for these microorganisms which may provide innovative control and detection strategies for preventing alcoholic beverage spoilage, such as improvement of microbiological quality control using advanced culture media or different isothermal amplification methods.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.282-288
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• 2003

For the screening of anti-inflammation and antioxidative activities, ethanolic extract of 40 species of traditional herbal medicines were examined their hyaluronidase inhibitory effect and radical scavenging activity in vitro. From the result of the hyaluronidase inhibitory activity using a Morgan-Elson assay, Astragali Radix, Eucommia Cortex, Schizandrae Fructus, Scutellaria Radix, Acanthopanacis Cortex, Chaenomelis Fructus, Amomum xanthioides Wallich and Moutan Radicis Cortex showed more than 50% hyaluronidase inhibitory effects at the concentration of 10 mg/mL. In the various solvent fractions (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, water) prepared from ethanolic extracts, the ethyl acetate fraction of all extracts tested showed strong activity. Antioxidative activity was evaluated by assaying electron-donating ability to DPPH free radical and scavenging of hydroxyl radical (ㆍOH) generated through Fenton reaction, respectively. Rubus coreanus Miq, Moutan Radicis Cortex, Paeoniae Radix Alba, Plantaginis Semen and Sorbus commixta Hedl. showed high activity more than 90%, yet similar activity to $\alpha$-tocopherol and BHA at the concentration of 1 mg/mL in electron donating activity. The scavenging effects of ethanolic extracts on hydroxyl radical were investigated using a 2-deoxyribose oxidation method and tested all extracts showed significant radical scavenging activity. The experiment was also performed to examine whether herbal medicines having significant lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity, Schizandrae-Fructus is the strongest inhibitory activity in both linoleic acid and liposome peroxidation.

• Journal of Korean Traditional Oncology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2011

Background and Objectives : This study is an observational study of nonequivalent control group based on time lag design in order to determine the effectiveness of gargling Hwangryunhaedok-tang (HRHDT) on stomatitis caused by chemotherapy. Methods : The study period is from July 1st, 2010 to September 30th, 2010. The subjects are 13 patients who fit the profile of the study and who are admitted in the tumor department of the regional cancer center of C University Hospital which is located in Chung-Joo City. When stomatitis occurs after chemotherapy, the level of stomatitis is assessed using oral assessment guide score and oral discomfort score. Then mix 5 g of powered HRHDT and 60 ml of distilled water, and 15 ml of the solution is given to patients 4 times per day to gargle for 1 minute. For the control group, 60 ml of Chlorohexidin gargling solution is used; everyday for one week, 4 times per day, 15 ml per gargle and gargled for 1 minute. Oral Assessment Guide score and Oral Discomfort Score are assessed at same hour everyday. Crosstabulation analysis $X^2$(${\rho}$) was used to examine the demographic characteristics and difference of the two groups by using SPSS/WIN 12.0. For mean and standard deviation, descriptive statistical analysis was used. T-test was used to determine the difference of the oral discomfort scores. Result : The study has shown that the Oral Assessment Guide score of the experimental group has decreased more with more regularity. On the third day, the score of the control group is 20.16 and the score of the experimental group was 18.75, which showed a statistically significant difference with the level of significance of p<0.05. Oral Discomfort Score of the control group's score was 13.60 on the first day and 6.80 on the seventh day and the experimental group's score was 13.00 on the first day and 2.25 on the seventh day. The experimental group's score 2.25 is statistically significantly lower than the control group's score of 6.80 with the level of significance of p<0.05. Conclusions : The HRHDT gargling solution showed more regular effectiveness compared to Chlorohexidin solution on chemotherapy-caused stomatitis. Therefore this study has shown that HRHDT gargling solution can be used as an alternative medicine.