• 수면정신생리
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.181-190
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• 1997

Zolpidem is a relatively new, short-acting, rapid onset, and nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics. Zolpidem selectively binds to the central benzodiazepine 1 (BZI) receptor subtype. The present study was designed to compare the hypnotic effects of zolpidem (10 mg), triazolam (0.25 mg), and placebo in 22 schizophrenic inpatients. Zolpidem, triazolam, and placebo were administered orally in a randomized, double-blind design. Compared with placebo, zolpidem and triazolam significantly decreased sleep latency (p<0.05), increased total sleep time (p<0.05), and increased improvement of satisfaction of sleep (p<0.05). Zolpidem decreased the number of awakenings significantly in comparison with placebo (p<0.05), but triazolam did not. In addition, both drugs were well tolerated and did not produce severe side effects. These results suggest that zolpidem is effective for transient insomnia of schizophrenic inpatients and zolpidem is superior to triazolam in hypnotic effect.

• 대한장애인치과학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.76-80
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• 2015

장애인의 보건 수준이 높아지면서 치료보다는 예방의 관점에서의 구강 관리가 중요해지고 있다. 본 증례에서 소개된 다섯 명의 지적 장애를 지닌 환자들을 triazolam을 이용하여 경구 투여하여 치료하였다. Triazolam을 이용한 진정법은 장애인의 정기적인 구강 관리의 한 대안으로 고려해볼 수 있겠다.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.245-254
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• 2018

Background: When performing dental treatment under general anesthesia in adult patients who have difficulty cooperating due to intellectual disabilities, anesthesia induction may be difficult as well. In particular, patients who refuse to come into the dental office or sit in the dental chair may have to be forced to do so. However, for adult patients with a large physique, physical restraint may be difficult, while oral sedatives as premedication may be helpful. Here, a retrospective analysis was performed to investigate the effect of oral sedatives. Methods: A hospital-based medical information database was searched for patients who were prescribed oral midazolam or triazolam between January 2009 and December 2017. Pre-anesthesia evaluation, anesthesia, and anesthesia recovery records of all patients were analyzed, and information on disability type, reason for prescribing oral sedatives, prescribed medication and dose, cooperation level during anesthesia induction, anesthesia duration, length of recovery room stay, and complications was retrieved. Results: A total of 97 patients were identified, of whom 50 and 47 received midazolam and triazolam, respectively. The major types of disability were intellectual disabilities, autism, Down syndrome, blindness, cerebral palsy, and epilepsy. Analyses of changes in cooperation levels after drug administration showed that anesthesia induction without physical restraint was possible in 56.0% of patients in the midazolam group and in 46.8% of patients in the triazolam group (P = 0.312). Conclusions: With administration of oral midazolam or triazolam, general anesthesia induction without any physical restraint was possible in approximately 50% of patients, with no difference between the drugs.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.811-824
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical sedation effect of chloral hydrate and hydroxyzine combination, midazolam, triazolam when young children were sedated for dental treatment. The uncooperative 22 children aged, 25 to 52 months of age(ASA class I) and weighting between 11 and 17kg, participated in the study. Each patient was assigned randomly to receive chloral hydrate(50mg/kg) and hydroxyzine HCl(25mg), midazolam(0.5mg/kg), and triazolam(0.25mg) oral administration : alternative regimens were administered at next appointment. According to rating scale, sleep, crying, movement, and overall behavior response were checked for evaluation of the clinical sedation effect. Pulse rate and oxygen saturation were also measured for monitoring the patients during treatment period by pulse oximeter. The results were as follows: 1. In the evaluation of sedation effect, 90.9% in chloral hydrate and hydroxyzine combination and midazolam, and 77.3% in triazolam were rated "good" or "very good". 2. Sleep was demonstrated to be statistically significant increase in chloral hydrate and hydroxyzine combination group. Despite the fact that chloral hydrate and hydroxyzine group was in a deeper state of sleep, all the children were easily aroused. 3. There were no statistically significance among the three regimens with regard to cry ing, movement, overall behavior. 4. The adverse side effect was vomiting in one patient of chloral hydrate and hydroxyzine combination. There were no clinical sign of respiratory depression.

• 대한임상약리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한임상약리학회 1992년도 정기총회 및 추계학술대회
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• pp.32-32
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• 1992

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.1
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• pp.279.2-280
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• 2003

A simple and accurate reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with photodiode array was developed for the determination of dextromethorphan(DM) and its metabolite dextrorphan(DX) in human urine. Chromatographic separation was accomplished on a cyano analytical column at 220 nm using a mobile phase containing 25 mM triethylammonium phosphate buffer(PH 3.0) in a 0-70％ ACN gradient and triazolam(TZ) was used as internal standard(I.S). (omitted)

• 수면정신생리
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.5-9
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• 2011

Sleep-related eating disorder (SRED) is a newly recognized parasomnia that describes a clinical condition of compulsive eating under an altered level of consciousness during sleep. Recently, it is increasingly recognized in clinical practice. The exact etiology of SRED is unclear, but it is assumed that SRED might share features of both sleepwalking and eating disorder. There have been also accumulating reports of SRED related to the administration of various psychotropic drugs, such as zolpidem, triazolam, olanzapine, and combinations of psychotropics. Especially, zolpidem in patients with underlying sleep disorders that cause frequent arousals, may cause or augment sleep related eating behavior. A thorough sleep history is essential to recognition and diagnosis of SRED. The timing, frequency, and description of food ingested during eating episodes should be elicited, and a history of concurrent psychiatric, medical, sleep disorders must also be sought and evaluated. Interestingly, dopaminergic agents as monotherapy were effective in some trials. Success with combinations of dopaminergic and opioid drugs, with the addition of sedatives, has also been reported in some case reports.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.371-373
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• 2021

Serotonin syndrome (SS) is a potentially life-threatening condition that is caused by the administration of drugs that increase serotonergic activity in the central nervous system. We report a case of serotonin syndrome in a patient with chronic pain who was taking analgesic drugs. A 36-year-old female with chronic pain in the lower back and right buttock area had been taking tramadol hydrochloride 187.5 mg, acetaminophen 325 mg, pregabalin 150 mg, duloxetine 60 mg, and triazolam 0.25 mg daily for several months. After amitriptyline 10 mg was added to achieve better pain control, the patient developed SS, which was mistaken for psychogenic nonepileptic seizure. However, her symptoms completely disappeared after discontinuation of the drugs that were thought to trigger SS and subsequent hydration with normal saline. Various drugs that can increase serotonergic activity are being widely prescribed for patients with chronic pain. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for the occurrence of SS when prescribing pain medications to patients with chronic pain.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.274-285
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• 2006

Allium sativum (Family Amaryllidaceae or Liliaceae) is used worldwide for various clinical uses like hypertension, cholesterol lowering effect, antiplatelets and fibrinolytic activity etc. Due to these common house hold uses of Allium sativum, as a herbal supplements, and failure of patients to inform their physician of the over-the-counter supplements they consume leads to drugnutrient interactions with components in herbal supplements. Today these types of interactions between a herbal supplement and clinically prescribed drugs are an increasing concern. In vitro studies indicated that garlic constituents modulated various CYP (cytochrome P450) enzymes. CYP 3A4 is abundantly present in human liver and small intestine and contributes to the metabolism of more than 50% of commonly used drugs including nifedipine, cyclosporine, erythromycin, midazolam, alprazolam, and triazolam. Extracts from fresh and aged garlic inhibited CYP 3A4 in human liver microsomes. The in vivo effects of garlic constituents are found to be species depended and the dosing regimen of garlic constituents appeared to influence the modulation of various CYP isoforms. Studies have indicated that the inhibition of various CYPs by organosulfur compounds from garlic was related to their structure also. Studies using in vitro, in vivo, animal and human models have indicated that various garlic constituents can be the substrates, inhibitors and or inducers of various CYP enzymes. The modulation of CYP enzyme activity and expression are dependent on the type and chemical structure of garlic constituents, dose regime, animal species and tissue, and source of garlic thus this review throws light on the possible herb drug interaction with the use of garlic.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.149-159
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• 2005

Purpose: To determine the extent and rate of prescription drug therapy, especially polypharmacy and the prevalence of potentially inappropriate medication use in Korean elderly ambulatory patients based on an explicit criterion. Methods: Performed a retrospective study of 65 years or older ambulatory patients visiting a university hospital based clinic from January 2002 to April 2004. Study determined the patterns of drug prescription per Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification and the potentially inappropriate medication usage based on explicit Beers criteria. Results: Of the 4,042 elderly patients the mean number of prescription was $2.2{\pm}2.0$, which was similar between genders and all age groups within the elderly. 10.7% of patients were prescribed with more than 5 medications concurrently. The most frequently prescribed medication was the drugs used for treating nervous system diseases (44.3%), followed by alimentary tract/metabolism disorders (27.6%), cardiovascular disease (10.7%), blood/blood forming disorders (4.3%), respiratory disorders (6.5%), and musculoskeletal diseases (3.2%). A total of 511 elderly (13%) was prescribed with medication that met the criteria for=1 potentially inappropriate drugs for the elderly. This proportion was similar between genders and all age groups within the elderly. Among these 511 elderly patients the mean number of potentially inappropriate drugs prescribed was $5.1{\pm}3.3$ drugs. Potentially inappropriately prescribed drugs included amitriptyline (76 cases), diazepam (69 cases), ketorolac (57 cases), short acting nifedipine (44 cases), triazolam (38 cases), and hydroxyzine (38 cases). Conclusion: Potentially inappropriate drug prescribing in Korean ambulatory elderly patients are common. Education programs and interventions aimed at optimizing the prescribing and dispensing of the most appropriate drugs are needed.