• Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
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• v.61 no.11
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• pp.567-572
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• 2018

The sensory function of the trigeminal nerve is to provide tactile, proprioceptive, and nociceptive afference by chemical stimulation. Various physical responses of the trigeminal nerve to stimuli help to defend against harmful substances. Recently, many studies have been conducted on solitary chemoreceptor cells innervated by trigeminal nerve. Most volatile organic compounds stimulate both the olfactory and trigeminal nervous systems. In general, the trigeminal nervous system is less sensitive than the olfactory nervous system. Studies have shown that sensation of the trigeminal nerve by chemical stimulation results in inhibition of olfaction. This indicates that the olfactory and trigeminal nerves interact with each other in the central nervous system. It is important to study various noxious stimuli acting on the trigeminal nerve in modern society where environmental concerns are intensifying.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.58-71
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• 1997

In order to the location and local arrangement of nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers projecting to the meridian points related to facial nerve paralysis in the rat using the neural tracers, CTB and WGA-HRP, labeled neurons the were investigated by immunohistochemical and HRP histochemical methods following injection of 2.5% WGA-HRP and 1% CTB into Hyopko$(S_6)$. Chichang$(S_4)$, Sugu$(GV_{26})$, Sajukkong$(TE_{23})$ and Yangbaek$(G_{14})$. Following injection of Hyopko$(S_6)$, Chichang$(S_4)$, labeled motor neurons were founded in facial nucleus, trigeminal motor nucleus, reticular nucleus and hypoglossal nucleus. labeled sensory neurons were founded in trigeminal ganglia and $C_{1-2}$ spinal ganglia. sympathetic motor neurons were found in superior cervical ganglia. Sensory fibers labeled in brainstem were found in mesencephalic trigeminal tract, sensory root of trigeminal nerve, oral, interpolar and caudal part of trigeminal nucleus, area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarius, lateral reticular nucleus and $C_{1-2}$ spinal ganglia. Following injection of Sugu$(GV_{26})$, labeled motor neurons were founded in facial nucleus. Labeled sensory neurons were founded in trigeminal ganglia and $C_{1-2}$ spinal ganglia. Sympathetic motor neurons were found in superior cervical ganglia. Sensory fibers labeled in brainstem were found in spinal trigeminal tract, trigeminal motor nucleus, mesencephalic trigeminal tract, oral. interpolar and caudal parts of trigeminal nucleus, area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarius, lateral reticular nucleus, dorsal part of reticular part and $C_{1-2}$ spinal ganglia. Following injection of Sajukkong$(TE_{23})$ and Yangbaek$(G_{14})$, labeled motor neurons were founded in facial nucleus, trigeminal motor nucleus. Labeled sensory neurons were founded in trigeminal ganglia and $C_{1-2}$ spinal ganglia. sympathetic motor neurons were found in superior cervical ganglia. Sensory fibers labeled in brainstem were found in oral, interpolar and caudal parts of trigeminal nucleus, area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarius, inferior olovary nucleus, medullary reticular field and lamina I-IV of $C_{1-2}$ spinal cord. Location of nerve cell body and nerve fibers projecting to the meridian points related to the facial nerve paralysis in the rats were found in facial nucleus and trigeminal motor nucleus. Sensory neurone were found in trigeminal ganglia and $C_{1-2}$ spinal ganglia. Sympathetic motor neurons were found in superior cervical ganglia. Sensory fibers labeled in brainstem were found in mesencephalic trigeminal tract, oral, interpolar and caudal parts of trigeminal nucleus, area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarius. lateral reticular nucleus, medullary reticular field.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.43-45
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• 2005

Trigeminal sensory neuropathy is a clinical diagnosis in which the main feature is facial numbness limited to territory of one or more sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve. We describe a 46-year-old woman who presented with left facial numbness in the territories of maxillary nerve and mandibular nerve. MRI disclosed a lesion in left trigeminal nerve root entry zone. In Blink test stimulating infraorbital foramen, ipsilateral R1 was delayed compared with contralateral R1. Lesion in pons or medulla can present as trigeminal sensory neuropathy.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.39-42
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to review the results of the neurolytic trigeminal nerve block in 41 patients from April 1992 to March 1994. Most common site of trigeminal neuralgia was the second division(27 patients, 68.3%). Nineteen patients of these were treated with infraorbital nerve block. Another 4 patients had cerebello-pontine angle tumor close to TREZ in MRI findings therefore they were excluded from this study. Thirty nine patients (95.1%) remained free of pain. Only 2 patients treated with infraorbital nerve block experienced recurring pain. Although the follow-up period was short, alcohol blocks proved effective and safe for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.

• Journal of Rhinology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.114-117
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• 2018

Postoperative maxillary cyst (POMC) is relatively common complication among patients who underwent Caldwell-Luc surgery. Patients with POMC usually have no symptoms, although cyst extension can result in bone destruction or cystic infection with pain. The trigeminal nerve consists of the ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, and mandibular nerve. Among these branches, the maxillary nerve runs to the lateral and frontal sides of the maxillary sinus wall. POMC can rarely lead to trigeminal neuropathy caused by cyst enlargement that compresses some branches of the trigeminal nerve. Recently, we experienced a case with trigeminal neuralgia due to POMC. The patient was successfully treated with inferior meatal antrostomy. We report this rare case with a literature review.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.474-487
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• 1998

The present study was undertaken to investigate the morphological characteristics of trigeminal nerve in the Korean native goat by macroscopic methods. Trigeminal nerve was originated from the lateral side of pons, and extended shortly forward to form trigeminal ganglion at the opening of oval foramen. Thereafter this nerve was divided into maxillary, mandibular and ophthalmic nerve. Ophthalmic nerve gave off the zygomaticotemporal branch, frontal nerve, frontal sinus branch, and was continued as the nasociliary nerve. Maxillary nerve gave rise to the zygomaticofacial branch, accessory zygomaticofacial branch, communicating branch with oculomotor nerve, pterygopalatine nerve, caudal superior alveolar branch, malar branch and was continued as the infraorbital nerve. Mandibular nerve was divided into the masseteric nerve, buccal nerve, lateral pterygoid nerve, medial pterygoid nerve, nerve to tensor tympani m., auriculotemporal nerve, and furnished the inferior alveolar nerve and lingual nerve as terminal branches. The course and distribution of the trigeminal nerve in the Korean native goat appeared to be similar to that in other small ruminants such as sheep and goat. But the main differences from other small ruminants were as follows : 1. There was no accessory branch of the major palatine nerve. 2. The caudal superior alveolar branch was directly branched from the maxillary nerve. 3. The communicating branch with oculomotor nerve was originated from maxillary nerve or common trunk with zygomaticofacial branch. 4. The malar branch arose from the maxillary nerve at the rostral to the origin of the caudal superior alveolar branch. 5. The inferior alveolar nerve originated in a common trunk with the lingual nerve. 6. The mylohyoid nerve arose at the origin of the inferior alveolar nerve. 7. The zygomaticotemporal branch was single fascicle, and gave off lacrimal nerve and cornual branch. 8. The base of horn was provided by the cornual branches of zygomaticotemporal branch and infratrochlear nerve of nasociliary nerve.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.49-53
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• 2002

Orofacial pain can be caused by intracranial disorders or can be musculoskeletal, vascular, internal derangemental, and neurologic in origin. The neurologic pain is derived from structural and functional disorders of nerve, and the trigeminal neuralgia is the typical manifestation. Trigeminal neuralgia is known from centuries ago, and is one of the most common pains in human. We present our experience with three patients who have trigeminal neuralgia. The first case is a 50-year-old female who had no specific evidence radiographically. Second is a 50-year-old male with microvascular compression on right trigeminal nerve. The third case is a 60-year-old female who had a neoplasm in cerebellopontine angle with associated mass effect.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.77-82
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• 2019

It is well known that trigeminal nerve injury causes hyperexcitability in trigeminal ganglion neurons, which become sensitized. Long after trigeminal nerve damage, trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis and upper cervical spinal cord (C1/C2) nociceptive neurons become hyperactive and are sensitized, resulting in persistent orofacial pain. Communication between neurons and non-neuronal cells is believed to be involved in these mechanisms. In this article, the authors highlight several lines of evidence that neuron-glial cell and neuron macrophage communication have essential roles in persistent orofacial pain mechanisms associated with trigeminal nerve injury and/or orofacial inflammation.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.76-79
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• 1992

Trigeminal neuralgia is a condition characterized by excruciating paroxysms of pain in lips, gums, cheek, or chin, and very rarely, in the distribution of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. There are many treatments of trigeminal neuralgia, such as, medical treatment, electrical stimulation, radiation therapy and ablative procedures. Infraorbital nerve block with pure ethyl alcohol is an ablation procedure for trigeminal neuralgia. We injected pure ethyl alcohol into the infraorbital foramen for pain control. The results were as follows; 1) The infraorbital nerve block with pure alcohol was an a simple and an effective method. 2) Complication, included a mild sensory deficit and mild edema over the infraorbital area.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.233-240
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• 2019

Trigeminal nerve injury as a consequence of lower third molar surgery is a notorious complication and may affect the patient in long term. Inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) and lingual nerve (LN) injury result in different degree of neurosensory deficit and also other neurological symptoms. The long term effects may include persistent sensory loss, chronic pain and depression. It is crucial to understand the pathophysiology of the nerve injury from lower third molar surgery. Surgery remains the most promising treatment in moderate-to-severe nerve injuries. There are limitations in the current treatment methods and full recovery is not commonly achievable. It is better to prevent nerve injury than to treat with unpredictable results. Coronectomy has been proved to be effective in reducing IAN injury and carries minimal long-term morbidity. New technologies, like the roles of erythropoietin and stem cell therapy, are being investigated for neuroprotection and neural regeneration. Breakthroughs in basic and translational research are required to improve the clinical outcomes of the current treatment modalities of third molar surgery-related nerve injury.