• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.156-168
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• 2005

Objective : The purpose of this study is to identify the clinical effects of Chiljehyangbuhwan in the treatment of dysmenorrhea patients. Methods : We studied fifty patients who visited Kyung Hee University Oriental Medical Center from July, 2004 to August, 2004. Women with organic disease such as ut. myoma, ov. cyst and pelvic inflammatory disease were excluded from this study. We treated them with Chiljehyangbuhwan for one menstrual cycle. The severity of dysmenorrhea were measured by MVRS (Multidimensional Verbal Rating scale), VRS (Verbal Rating scale) and VAS (Visual Analog Scale). Results : Chiljehyangbuhwan significantly decreased the severity of dysmenorrhea. Furthermore Chiljehyangbuhwan had an effect on dysmenorrhea for next menstrual cycle without taking. Chiljehyangbuhwan did not show hepatic and renal virulence. Conclusion : This study shows that Chiljehyangbuhwan has remarkable effects on dysmenorrhea patients and that effects continue to next menstrual cycle without taking medicine.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.216-230
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analysis on the Stress Response Inventory(SRI) and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) of some dysmenorrhoea patients. Methods: We studied 34 patients visiting OO Medical Center from May 2007 to November 2007. And the severity of dysmenorrhoea were measured by Multidimensional Verbal Rating scale(MVRS), Verbal Rating scale (VRS) and Visual Analog Scale(VAS). And SRI and HRV were recorded. Results: According to comparison of Means of HRV values among the groups, most of them were not statistically significant. But the comparison of Means of SRI, the points of almost all values were kept by order of Severe-Moderate-Mild-None group. Most of them are statistically significant. According to correlation analysis between dysmenorrhoea scale and HRV, most of them were not statistically significant. But the correlation analysis between HRV and SRI, there were some correlations. And the correlation analysis between SRI and dysmenorrhoea scale, most of them were statistically significant. According to General Linear Model of Dysmenorrhoea $scale^{\ast}SRI$ and HRV. Dysmenorrhoea scale and SRI influenced values of HRV. But it is hard to conclude the relationship between Dysmenorrhoea $scale^{\ast}SRI$ and HRV Conclusion: The results suggest that stress is related to dysmenorrhoea. But the relation between dysmenorrhoea and HRV was hard to conclude. We need more study for settling the relation between dysmenorrhoea and HRV.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.164-177
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analysis on the Heart Rate Variability(HRV) of some dysmenorrhoea patients. Methods : We studied 30 patients visiting Kyung Hee University East-West Neo Medical Center from 7th Febrary 2007 to 22th Febrary 2007. Women with organic disease were excluded from this study. The severity of dysmenorrhoea were measured by Multidimensional Verbal Rating scale(MVRS), Verbal Rating scale (VRS) and Visual Analog Scale(VAS). And HRV was recorded. Results : According to comparison of Means of HRV values among the groups of None, Mild and Moderate, the points of almost all values were kept by order of Moderate group-Mild group-None group. Among these, the statistically significant things are PR, SDNN, Ln (TP), Ln (VLF), Ln (LF). According to correlation analysis between dysmenorrhoea and HRV, specially, there were many correlations in VRS2. Among these, the statistically significant things are LF norm, HF norm, LF/HF ratio(p<0.05L). Conclusion : The results suggest that HRV is related to dysmenorrhoea. We may analyze that dysmenorrhoea is related to, specially, increased activities of sympathetic nerve. We need more study for settling this.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.91-104
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to observe the effect of Intranasal Bloodletting Therapeutics on the Allergic Rhinitis. Methods : 8 patients were treated by intranasal bloodletting therapeutics to recover from allergic rhinitis. The symtoms were evaluated by total nasal sympton score(TNSS), verbal numerical rating scale(VNRS). Results : Total nasal sympton score(TNSS) was significantly improved and verbal numerical rating scale(VNRS) was decreased in all cases. Conclusion : Intranasal bloodletting therapeutics is effective to allergic Rhinitis.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.46-51
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• 2013

Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of acupotomy in patients with degenerative lumbar spine stenosis. Methods: A total of 437 patients who had been diagnosed as having lumbar spine stenosis and who had been admitted to Daejeon Oriental hospital from June 1, 2008, to September 31, 2012, were included in this study. The patients underwent acupotomy once, twice or three times on the lumbar spine, according to their symptoms. Then, the patients were asked to complete the verbal numeric rating scale (VNRS) and the oswestry disability index (ODI) before and after acupotomy and underwent a global assessment. The resulting data were analyzed. Results: The gender ratio of the participants was 1:1.54, and the mean age was $65{\pm}10.0$ yr. The number of patients over the age of 65 yr was less than that of the patients under the age of 65 yr in the ratio of 1:1.3. The average disease period was $30.17{\pm}56.63$ months. The verbal numeric rating scale (VNRS) significantly decreased from 10 to an average of $7.10{\pm}2.50$ after one acupotomy, $6.30{\pm}2.60$ after two acupotomies, and $5.50{\pm}2.50$ after three acupotomies. The ODI was significantly decrease from $20.60{\pm}8.70$ to $17.80{\pm}8.60$ after once acupotomy, $17.10{\pm}8.50$ after two acupotomies, and $16.70{\pm}8.60$ after three acupotomies. High scores were also observed on the global assessment. Conclusion: These results provide evidence that acupotomy is effective to relieve pain and to improve quality of life in patients with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.253-263
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• 2017

Regardless of whether it is acute or chronic, the assessment of pain should be simple and practical. Since the intensity of pain is thought to be one of the primary factors that determine its effect on a human's overall function and sense, there are many scales to assess pain. The aim of the current article was to review pain intensity scales that are commonly used in dental and oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS). Previous studies demonstrated that multidimensional scales, such as the McGill Pain Questionnaire, Short form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire were suitable for assessing chronic pain, while unidimensional scales, like the Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), Verbal descriptor scale, Verbal rating scale, Numerical rating Scale, Faces Pain Scale, Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (WBS), and Full Cup Test, were used to evaluate acute pain. The WBS is widely used to assess pain in children and elderly because other scales are often difficult to understand, which could consequently lead to an overestimation of the pain intensity. In dental or OMFS research, the use of the VAS is more common because it is more reliable, valid, sensitive, and appropriate. However, some researchers use NRS to evaluate OMFS pain in adults because this scale is easier to use than VAS and yields relatively similar pain scores. This review only assessed pain scales used for post-operative OMFS or dental pain.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.39-47
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• 2009

Objectives : These studies are designed to make a survey of the effectiveness of oriental medicine treatment on temporomandibular disorder. Methods : The clinical study was done on 194 cases of patients with temporomandibular disorder who was treated in Ja-Seng Oriental Medicine Hospital from January 2008 to June 2008. After treatment we checked VNRS(verbal numerical rating scale) score and five-point linkert scale. Also we observed the change of symptom of click sound and trismus. Results : After the last treatment, The mean VNRS(verbal numerical rating scale) score changed 4.63 to 2.25. The click sound was disappeared of 53% patients, and the trismus was disappeared of 57% patients. And The five-point linkert scale were checked 3.78. Conclusions : It is concluded that oriental medicine treatment has on useful effect on temporomandibular disorder.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.142-153
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• 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to identify the clinical effects of korean medicine treatment of dysmenorrhea patients. Methods: We studied twenty-six patients who visited Oriental Hospital of ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ University from September 2011 to December 2011. Women with organic disease such as endometriosis, uterine myoma and pelvic inflammatory disease were excluded from this study. We treated them with herb, acupuncture and moxibustion for one menstrual cycle. The severity of dysmenorrhea was measured by VAS(Visual analog scale) and MVRS(Multidimensional Verbal Rating scale). Results: The mean${\pm}$Standard Error of mean(S.E) of VAS on after treatment was decreased significantly compared with that of before(p=0.00). The mean${\pm}$S.E of MVRS on after treatment was decreased significantly compared with that of before(p=0.00). Conclusions: This study shows that korean medicine treatment such as herb, acupuncture and moxibustion has remarkable effects on dysmenorrhea patients. Further study will be needed.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.25-46
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• 2000

Pain can be evaluated by experimental methods and clinical methods, but due to subjective characteristics of pain, clinical methods are generally used. The clinical pain measurement tools are divided into unidimensional and multidimensional assessment tools. The former include Visual Analogue Scale, Verbal Rating Scale, Numerical Rating Scale, Pain Faces Scale, and Poker Chip Tool and the latter include McGill Pain Questionnaire, MMPI, Pain Behavior Scale, Pain disability index, and Pain Rating Scale. Unidimensional pain scales mainly measure the intensity of pain on the basis of the patient's self report and their simple construction and ease of use enable the invesgator to assess acute pain. Multidimensional pain scales are used to evaluate subjective, psychological and behavioral aspects of pain and because of its comprehensive and confidential properties they are applied to chronic pain. Patient's linguistic and cognitive abilities are major factors to restrain accurate assessment of pain. Although behavioral patterns and vital sign are inferior to self-report in the measurement of pain, they can be useful indexes in those situations. When deciding on a pain-assessment tool, the investigator must determine which aspect of pain he or she wishes to evaluate on the characteristics of the group of patients, their backgrounds, and their communication skills. Making the proper choice will facilitate the acquisition of meaningful data and the formulation of valid conclusions.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.111-122
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• 2011

Purpose: The aim on this study was to establish the validity, reliability and efficiency of a Pain Self-Report Scale for elderly with dementia and compare these results with an observational pain rating scale. Methods: Study subjects were 136 elderly with dementia who were residents in a nursing home, geriatric hospital, or day care center. The subject's pain was measured by five self-report scales and observational scale. DS-DAT (discomfort scale-dementia of the Alzheimer's type) was used for pain behavior observational measure. Cognitive state was assessed using the MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination). Results: Observational rating correlated moderately with self-report (r=.225~.585, p<.05) and tended to underestimate pain intensity. Test-retest reliability was high for all five self-report scales, and the correlation between these scales was very strong (r=.735~.856, p<.05). Comprehension rate of VDS (verbal descriptor scale) was 88.3%, and NRS (numeric rating scale) 69.9%, FPS (face pain scale) 66.9%, HVAS (horizontal visual analog scale) and VVAS (vertical visual analog scale) 65.4%. Conclusion: Nurses should not apply observational scales routinely in demented patients as many of these are capable of reporting their own pain. Self-report, the highest standard of pain measurement can be reliably performed in a large proportion of demented elderly.