• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.259-266
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• 2000

Vitamin A palmitate, an oily drug which has low chemical stability and is poorly absorbed in the intestine, was formulated into a novel powdered dosage form. This is designated as a redispersible dry emulsion by freeze-drying technique. Before preparing a dry emulsion, vitamin A palmitate oil in solid in water (O/S/W) emulsion with soybean oil and coconut oil using Aerosil 200 as an emulsion stabilizer and polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene-blockcopolymer (Pluronic F68) as a surfactant was prepared. The resultants of the stability tests indicated that vitamin A palmitate O/S/W emulsion was improved on increasing the oil content of the formulation. The resultant dry emulsion particles have a good stabilities and free flow properties and readily released the oily droplets to form stable emulsions on rehydration. The drug releasing property from the resultant dry emulsion particles was dependent on factors such as amount of oily carrier(soybean oil) and surfactant(Pluronic F68) formulated. Above 80% of vitamin A palmitate content was released from the dry emulsion for 1 hour. It was deduced that vitamin A palmitate dry emulsion was definitely suitable for oral administration, since small droplets of vitamine A palmitate from the dry emulsion may alter the drug absorption profile resulting in bioavailability enhancement.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.1985-1990
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• 2020

Objective: The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of fat-soluble vitamin injection on plasma and tissue vitamin status in nursery pigs. Methods: A total of 16 pigs (initial body weight: 7.15±1.1 kg) were allotted to 2 treatments at d 7 post-weaning. Pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet with no supplemental vitamin A and i.m. injected with 300,000 IU of retinyl palmitate, 900 IU of d-α-tocopherol and 30,000 IU of vitamin D₃ with control pigs having no vitamin injection. Blood (d 0, 3, 7, and 14 post-injection) and tissue samples (liver, brain, heart, lung, and muscle; d 7 and 14 post-injection) were collected from pigs. Retinyl palmitate, retinol, and α-tocopherol concentrations were analyzed in plasma and tissues, while plasma was assayed for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD₃). Results: Plasma retinol and 25-OHD₃ concentrations increased by the vitamin injection from d 3 to 14 post-injection (p<0.05) whereas plasma retinyl palmitate was detected only in the vitamin treatment at d 3 and 7 post-injection (115.51 and 4.97 ㎍/mL, respectively). Liver retinol, retinyl palmitate, and retinol+retinyl palmitate concentrations increased by retinyl palmitate injection at d 7 and 14 post-injection (p<0.05) whereas those were not detected in the other tissues. The d-α-tocopherol injection increased α-tocopherol concentrations in plasma at d 3 and 7 post-injection (p<0.05) and in liver, heart (p<0.10), and muscle (p<0.05) at d 7 post-injection. Conclusion: Fat-soluble vitamin injection increased plasma status of α-tocopherol, retinol, retinyl palmitate and 25-OHD₃. As plasma levels decreased post-injection, vitamin A level in liver and vitamin E level in muscle, heart and liver increased. The α-tocopherol found in plasma after injection was distributed to various tissues but retinyl palmitate only to the liver.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.66-70
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• 2006

The effects of commercially available antioxidants in fish oil were studied. Induction period of fish oil was determined from the oxidation curve by rancin\mat. The longest Induction period was observed with catechin (1,000 ppm). Among the rosemary extracts (Antox1, Antox2, Antox3), the most effective antioxidant effect was observed with Antox3 even though higher amount (5,000 ppm) was needed compared to catechin. Compared to oder of control, catechin rather than Antox3 did not affect much the odor changes. When ascorbic palmitate, vitamin C, gallic acid, EDTA, citric acid, or propyl gallate as a synergist were added with catechin (500 ppm), vitamin C and ascorbic palmitate prolonged the induction period significantly. This effect was also observed with Antox3 (1,000 ppm). Among all combinations of catechin (500 ppm) and Antox3 (1,000 ppm) with synergists, the longest Induction period was obtained from Antox3 with vitamin C (200 ppm), suggesting that this combination is most effective combination for retarding the oxidation in fish oil.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.518-527
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• 2013

5,6-dihydroxyindole was easily oxidation with air and light Conditions. Availability of 5,6-dihydroxyindole was studied for hair dye as a precursor of melanin. This study used wet and dry coating process to stabilize 5,6-dihydroxyindole. In wet process used dimethicone and cyclometicone, the 5,6-dihydroxyindole had darkened through the drying process at $58^{\circ}C$. Wet coating process was inappropriate to stabilize the coating. In dry coating process, shea butter coating was stable until 3 days. Dextrin palmitate was most efficient ingredient to prevent oxidation by sun light and air until 7days. Oxidation test with 1.0% and 1.5% of dextrin palmitate was not different under conditions of sun light and air and was not dependent on contents. Vitamin E acetate under conditions of sun light and air, there were no significant effect in preventing oxidation.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: It has been shown that vitamin A supplementation has different effects on skeletal health and the antioxidant system. Deficiency or excess of this vitamin can lead to health problems. Vitamin A can work as either an antioxidant or prooxidant depending on its concentration. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of different doses of vitamin A supplementation on the antioxidant system in rats. MATERIALS/METHODS: Forty Spargue-Dawley male rats were divided into four groups according to the dose of vitamin A received: 0 (A0), 4,000 (A1), 8,000 (A2), and 20,000 (A3) IU retinyl palmitate/kg diet. After a feeding period of 4 wks, lipid peroxide levels, glutathione concentration, antioxidant enzyme activities, and vitamins A and E concentrations were measured. Histopathological changes were observed in rat liver tissue using an optical microscope and transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: Lipid peroxide levels in plasma were significantly decreased in the A1 and A2 groups compared to the A0 rats. Erythrocyte catalase and hepatic superoxide dismutase activities of the A2 group were significantly higher than those of the A0 group. Hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly lower in the A3 group compared to the other groups. Total glutathione concentrations were significantly higher in the A1 and A2 groups than in the A0 group. Histological examination of liver tissue showed that excessive supplementation of vitamin A might lead to lipid droplet accumulation and nuclear membrane deformation. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that appropriate supplementation of vitamin A might have a beneficial effect on the antioxidant system in rats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.825-830
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• 2006

Status of blood minerals and their absorption by neonate calves as influenced by fat soluble vitamins supplementation in their respective mothers, mineral supplementation in calves themselves has been evaluated. The objective was to know the impact of antioxidant vitamin supplementation to advance pregnant buffaloes, on enhanced acquired immunity during first few hours after birth, in relation to weight gain in buffalo calves. Advance pregnant buffaloes (n = 30) consisting of average body weight of $550{\pm}15$ kg and of 4-6 parity were fed on 25 kg green (green Jawar-Sorghum bicolor), 2-3 kg wheat straw and 3-4 kg concentrate mixture individually per day. Intramuscular injections of vitamin triplex A $D_3$ E consisting of -2,500,000 IU of vit A -Palmitate; 2,500,000 IU of vitamin $D_3$ and 1,000 IU of vit E (dl-alpha tocopherol acetate) were given per dose, a month prior to parturition, twice at 15 days interval to 15 dams. Rest of the 15 pregnant buffaloes served as negative controls. Secretion of immune proteins, immunoglobulin (Ig) enhanced by 80% in colostrum. The blood serum levels of Zn, Cu, Ca, Mg were measured from birth to 90 days in calves. A significant (p<0.05) difference between the blood serum Zn levels of calves born to vitamin supplemented and non-supplemented dams was measured and a positive correlation between blood serum Zn levels and injections of vitamins was identified. Association of Zn and Cu with passive immunity status has been identified in these calves. A significant positive correlation between Zn and Cu was also identified which showed a change under the impact of vitamin supplementation in buffaloes. The study signifies the role of micronutrients supplementation in dams prior to parturition, in calf immunity development. The study indicates significant mineral - vitamins interactions during this process.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.278-286
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• 2018

Objective: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate vitamin $D_3$ administration to nursery pigs by injection or in drinking water on serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol ($25-OHD_3$) concentrations. Methods: At weaning, 51 pigs (27 and 24 pigs in experiments 1 and 2, respectively) were allotted to vitamin $D_3$ treatments. Treatments in experiment 1 were: i) control (CON), no vitamin administration beyond that in the diet, ii) intramuscular (IM) injection of 40,000 IU of vitamin $D_3$ at weaning, and iii) water administration, 5,493 IU of vitamin $D_3/L$ drinking water for 14 d post-weaning. Treatments in experiment 2 were: i) control (CON), no vitamin administration, and ii) water administration, 92 IU of $d-{\alpha}-tocopherol$ and 5,493 IU of vitamin $D_3/L$ drinking water for 28 d post-weaning. The lightest 2 pigs within each pen were IM injected with an additional 1,000 IU of $d-{\alpha}-tocopherol$, 100,000 IU of retinyl palmitate, and 100,000 IU of vitamin $D_3$. Results: In both experiments, serum $25-OHD_3$ was changed after vitamin $D_3$ administration (p<0.05). In experiment 1, injection and water groups had greater values than CON group through d 35 and 21 post-administration, respectively (p<0.05). In experiment 2, serum values peaked at d 3 post-administration in the injection groups regardless of water treatments (p<0.05) whereas CON and water-only groups had peaks at d 14 and 28 post-administration, respectively (p<0.05). Even though the injection groups had greater serum $25-OHD_3$ concentrations than the non-injection groups through d 7 post-administration regardless of water treatments (p<0.05), the water-only group had greater values than the injection-only group from d 21 post-administration onward (p<0.05). Conclusion: Serum $25-OHD_3$ concentrations in pigs increased either by vitamin $D_3$ injection or drinking water administration. Although a single vitamin $D_3$ injection enhanced serum $25-OHD_3$ concentrations greater than water administration in the initial period post-administration, a continuous supply of vitamin $D_3$ via drinking water could maintain higher serum values than the single injection.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 1996

The liposomes have been developed in many drugs and cosmetics fields. The liposomes prepared with main compounds of the intercellular lipids and lecithin. Amphiphile nonionic surfactants used for (PEG) n-sitosterol(n=5), diethanolamine cetylphosphate. The effect of gelation for liposomes have been on swelling reaction which have been mixed phospholipid with polyol-group at the high temperature. There were very good encapsulated properties of the active ingredients whether hydrophilic-group(magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, allantoin, sodium hyaluronate) and hydrophobic-group(vitamin-E acetate, vitamin-A palmitate). Optimum condition of liposomes were passed five times in the microfluidizer(700bar), wetting reaction temperature was at $95{\pm}5^{\circ}C$ for a hours. Particle size distribution of the vesicles should be within range 50-560nm(mean 200nm). The stability of liposomes for the course of time was stabilized for six months at $45^{\circ}C$. Application of the cosmetic was prepared moisturizing cream with liposomes of the phospholipid base.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.585-592
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• 2003

The current study was conducted to determine the relationships of vitamin A on meat quality of Hanwoo as a basic study to manipulate vitamin A contents in feeds to produce high quality beef. Concentrations of vitamin A in serum and liver of Hanwoo steers(n=328) were analyzed and correlation coefficients with carcass properties were evaluated. Mean vitamin A concentration in the serum of Hanwoo steers in the early fattening period was 212.0$\pm$32.7 IU/dl, and that in the late fattening period was 117.56$\pm$43.15 IU/dl. Mean vitamin A concentration in the liver of Hanwoo steers in the late fattening period was 143.62$\pm$110 IU/g expressing large variations might be depended on animals, feeds and farms. There were negative correlations between serum vitamin A concentration and marbling degree(r=-0.24, P<0.01), fat contents in M. Logissimus dorsi (r=-0.21, P<0.01), and beef quality grade(r=-0.20, P<0.01). Vitamin A-palmitate in liver also expressed negative correlations with fat contents in M. Logissimus dorsi (r=-0.18, P<0.01) and beef quality grade(r=-0.16, P<0.05). From the results obtained in the current study, we concluded that it might be possible to produce high quality beef in Hanwoo by manipulating vitamin A contents in the feeds. Further detailed studies, however, are necessary to determine vitamin A contents in feeds, feeding levels, and feeding periods.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.1-21
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• 1995

In this context, it should be mentioned that multilamellar vesicles can be prepared with the main compounds of the intercellular lipids, ceramides, cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, squalane, lecithin, wax ester by effect of the wetting. We investigated properties formation of MLV with use of the AHAsomes and Microfluidizer. The multilamellar vesicles are formed merely adding polyol and water phase, followed with the microfluidizer. Formation of a practically pure AHAsomes system, containing the active ingredients directly incorporated without need for preservatives. There were very good encapsulated properties of the active ingredients whether hydrophilic(malic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, allantoin, urea) and hydrophobic(vitamin-I acetate, vitamin-A palmitate). Optimum condition (ormatiom of MLV was passed three times in the microfluidizer, particle size of the vesicles should be within range 50-523nm (mean=163.5nm). As application, It was compared that horny layer of the sole of foots removal with the general OM emulsion and the AHAsomes cream. There was used for three months, those got recovery wrinkles about 151.8% and elasticity three times more the AHAsomes than O/W emulsions, It was confirmed with the Image Analyzer and the Cutometer.