• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 1998년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.275-279
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• 1998

The influence of $WO_3$ (0.5-4.0mol%) on the microstructural and electrical properties of ZnO varistors was investigated. The major part of a tungsten segregated to the nodal point. SEM, EDAX, and XRD analysis revealed that three phase, such as W-rich phase, Bi-rich phase, and spinel phase, coexist at the nodal point. The average grain size increased in the range of 15.5-29.9pm with increasing $WO_3$ content. This may be probably attributed to liquid phase formed by $WO_3$, $WO_3$ acted as promotion additive of grain growth. As $WO_3$ content increase, the varistor voltage greatly decreased in the range 186.82-35.87V/mm due to the increase of grain growth. The barrier height decreased in the range 1.93-0.42eV with increasing $WO_3$content.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.270-278
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• 1992

W-0.4wt% Ni, W-0.8wt% Ni 활성 소결체의 Ni rich상의 양이 응력 파단 성질에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여, direct load creep tester를 사용, 100$0^{\circ}C$~120$0^{\circ}C$, 수소 분위기에서 응력 파단시험을 하였다. 100시간 응력 파단 강도는 니켈 함량이 0.4wt%, 0.8wt%로 증가 함에 따라, W-0.2wt% Ni의 경우와 비교하여 100$0^{\circ}C$에서 43%, 90%, $1100^{\circ}C에서$ 35%, 60% 높았으며, 이는 초기 결정립 조대화, 비이론밀도의 상승과 시험 중 결정립 성장 때문으로 생각된다. W-0.4wt% Ni의 크리프변형 활성화 에너지는 81.3kca1/mol으로, 변형기구는 Ni rich 상을 통한 W 확산과 결정립 내부 변형이다. 응력 파단 시험 후, 파단면은 입계 파괴 양상을 나타내었다. 소결시 생성된 고립 기공이 결정입계에 있는 Ni rich상을 따라 전파하였기 때문이다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.498-503
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• 1999

Protease produced from Bacillus sp. FSE-68 was isolated from Meju, a Korean fermented soybean starter, and was purified by a two-consecutive aqueous two-phase system. The change of partition coefficient (K) in the polyethylene glycol (PEG)/potassium phosphate buffer (PPB) aqueous two-phase system was measured at different pHs (6.0- 9.2), PPB concentrations (8-12%), and temperatures (4 and $20^{\circ}C$). As the PPB concentration in the aqueous two-phase system increased, the protease concentration in the top phase (PEG-rich phase) increased, thereby enhancing the partition coefficient. The minimum partition coefficient of the protease was achieved at pH 7.0, whereas that of the total protein was at pH 6.0. The biggest difference in partition coefficients of total protein and protease occurred at pH 6.0. It was interesting to note that the partition coefficient of protease decreased as the temperature increased. The optimum condition of the primary aqueous two-phase extraction of Bacillus sp. FSE-68 was pH 6.0, 14% (w/w) PPB, and 16% (w/w) PEG at $4^{\circ}C$, and the crude enzyme concentration in this system was 50% (w/w). The protease, which was concentrated in the top phase, was further mixed with 15% (w/w) PPB (pH 7.0) in the ratio of 1:1 at $20^{\circ}C$ to elute the bottom phase (PPB-rich phase). Using these steps, the purification fold achieved was 9.2 with a 44.7% yield.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제9권7호
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• pp.753-759
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• 1999

0.5~4.0mol% 범위의 W $O_3$가 첨가된 ZNR의 미세구조 및 전기적 특성이 조사되어졌다. W $O_3$의 대부분은 입제 교차점으로 편석하여 W 과다상을 형성하였으며, 입계 교차점에는 W 과다상(W $O_3$), Bi 과다상(B $i_2$ $O_3$), 스피넬상(Z $n_{2.33}$S $b_{0.67}$ $O_4$) 등 3상이 공존하였다. W $O_3$첨가량이 증가함에 따라 평균 결정입 크기는 15.5~29.9$\mu\textrm{m}$ 범위로 감소하였으며, W $O_3$는 결정입 성장의 촉진제로 작용하였다. W $O_3$ 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 바리스터 전압과 비직선 지수는 각각 186.82~35.87V/mm, 20.90~3.34 범위로 감소하였고, 누설전류는 22.39 ~ 83.01 $\mu\textrm{A}$ 범위로 증가하였다. W $O_3$ 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 장벽높이와 계면상태밀도는 각각 1.93~0.43eV, (4.38~1.22)$\times$$10^{12}$ $\textrm{cm}^2$ 범위로 감소하였으며, 도너 농도는 (1.06~0.38)$\times$$10^{18}$ /㎤ 범위로 감소함에 따라 W $O_3$는 억셉터 첨가제로 작용하였다.다.다.

• 한국분말야금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국분말야금학회 2006년도 Extended Abstracts of 2006 POWDER METALLURGY World Congress Part 1
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• pp.650-651
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• 2006

This paper presents a study of large grains by transmission electron microscopy in two WC-Co alloys, one W rich and one C rich. In the W rich alloy, some large grains are found in contact with the $\eta$ phase. The C content influences the morphology of large grains: they are flatter in the C rich alloy with smoother interfaces. Whatever the C content, they contain few dislocations compared to matrix grains except often in a small area. Small WC grains are often found inside the large grains. They have likely been engulfed during the growth of the large grains owing to the low boundary energy.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.97-100
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• 1997

Cyclodxtrin homologues(CDs), produced by cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase(CGTase), were simultaneously partitioned in aqueous two-phase system(ATPS). Partition coefficients of CDs were measured in PEG/dextran systems. Phosphate, citrate, sulfate were tested as salt. ATPS of PEG/salt and PEG/dextran had the partition coefficients of the CDs, larger than unity. However, PEG/dextran system was observed better than PEG/salt as CGTase activity decreased sharply with salt concentration. Enzymatic rection occurred mainly in PEG-rich bottom phase because of the low partition coefficient of CGTase. The resulting CDs transferred to the PEG-rich top phase, obeying the diffusional partition. In the ATPS of 7% PEG(M.W.40, 000), 7mg/ml of CDs were obtained in top phase at 4.5 hours.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.561-571
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• 1999

Microstructure and mechanical properties of five Cr-Mo steels for nuclear industry applications have been investigated. Transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer, differential scanning calorimeter, hardness, tensile, and impact test were used to evaluate the Cr and W effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties. Microstructures of Cr-Mo steels after tempering are classified into three types : bainitic 2.25Cr-lMo steel, martensitic Mod.9Cr-lMo, HT9M, and HT9W steels, and dual phase HT9 steel. The majority of the precipitates were found to be M$_{23}$C$_{6}$ carbides. As minor phases, fine needle-like V(C,N), spherical NbC, fine needle-like Cr-rich Cr$_2$N, and Cr-rich M$_{7}$C$_3$were also found. Addition of 2wt.% W in Cr-Mo steels retarded the formation of subgrain and dissolution of Cr$_2$N precipitates. Hardness and ultimate tensile strength increased with increasing Cr content. Though Cr content of HT9W steel was lower than that of HT9 steel, the hardness of HT9W was higher due to the higher W content. W added HT9W steel had the highest ultimate tensile strength above $600^{\circ}C$. But impact toughness of W added steel (HT9W) and high Cr steel (HT9) was low.w.w.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.119-198
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• 1994

The characteristics of various important microstructural factors of WC-base hard- metals (cemented carbides) such as the amount of Co metal binder phase, the carbide grain size, the microstructural defects acting as a fracture source, the solid solubility of tungsten in the binder phase affected by the carbon content, the precipitation of $Co_3W$, the domain size of binder phase, the formation of ${\beta}-free$ layer or Co-rich layer and CVD or PVD coated layer, and the effects of these factors on the flexural strength of the hardmetals are reviewed.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.165-170
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• 2018

W, Fe, and carbon powders were mechanical alloyed to produce $W_{35}Fe_{43}C_{22}$ ternary alloy powders containing nanocrystal W embedded within amorphous matrix. When the powder samples were heated to the primary crystallization temperature of $735^{\circ}C$, most parts of their amorphous region were fully crystallized to [W,Fe]-rich $M_6C$ carbides. Interestingly, a little portion of the carbides changes to stoichiometric line compounds ($M_{12}C$ and $W_6Fe_7$) and a solution phase (Fe-rich bcc), and remaining parts of the crystallites were amorphized again. The resulting microstructure was retained even by cyclic heating between room temperature of $1,200^{\circ}C$, and thus we found that the amorphous structure can be irreversibly formed at above glass transition temperature.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2013

The effect of the Mo addition on the high temperature creep properties of the 9Cr-3W steel was also evaluated. Two experimental steels, (9Cr-3W and 9Cr-3W-0.5Mo), were prepared using a vacuum induction melting process, followed by hot rolling and heat treatment processes. Three types of precipitates, ($M_{23}C_6$, Nb-rich MX and V-rich MX) were observed in a typical tempered martensitic matrix. Significant effects of the Mo addition on the tensile properties were not observed. However, the creep properties at $650^{\circ}C$ under applied stresses of 140 and 150 MPa were considerably enhanced by the Mo addition. The microstructural observation after the creep test indicated that the addition of Mo could function to retain the recovery of the martensitic matrix, thus resulting in the enhanced creep properties of the 9Cr-3W-0.5Mo steel. Furthermore coarsening of the $M_{23}C_6$ carbides and formation of Laves phases were observed in both samples after the creep tests.