• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.17 no.10
• /
• pp.538-543
• /
• 2007

We fabricated the Ni plate by electroforming process and evaluated the microstructure, mechanical properties and wear behavior of the Ni plate. Specifically, the effects of addition of wetting agents, SF 1 and SF 2 solutions, on the microstructure and properties were investigated. The microstructure and surface morphology were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively, and friction coefficient was measured by the ball-on-disk method. We found that the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni plate were changed with kind and amount of wetting agents used. The hardness and tensile strength of Ni plate formed without wetting agents was 228 Hv and 660.7 MPa, respectively, whiled when wetting agent was added, those were improved to be 739 Hv and 1286.3 MPa. These improvements were probably due to the finer grain size and less crystallization of Ni. In addition, when both wetting agents were added, the friction coefficient was reduced from 0.73 to 0.67 which is partially caused by the improved hardness and smooth surface.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.33-37
• /
• 1998

It is rather important in the water and oil repellent finishing for wool fabric what kind of water-repellent agents will be used. In many cases, Fluorocarbon-based water-repellent agents(eg.Oleophobol-S), the surface tensions of which very low, were recom-mended on account of good water and oil repellencies. In repellent finishing, fabrics were padded in a bath which contained aqueous solution of water-repellent agents, and wetting agents, followed by drying and curing. The most suitable treating condition for excellent repellency was as follows Fabrics were padded at liquor pick-up ratio of 50%, with aqueous solution which contained $30g/\ell$ of water-repellent agents, and $40g/\ell$ of wetting agents. And the padded fabrics were dried at $110^\circ{C}$ for 1 minute, and cured at $160^\circ{C}$ for 2 minutes. For the fabrics, water and oil repellencies and durability to repeated dry-cleanings are observed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
• /
• v.20 no.11
• /
• pp.925-931
• /
• 2007

We successively fabricated the Ni metal mask by additive method and evaluated the effects of wetting agents addition on the microstructure, hardness, and friction coefficient. In the process, the additive patterns with fine hole and pitch were made by photolithography technique and subsequently Ni plate was electroformed on the patterns. We found that the microstructure and mechanical properties were significantly varied when the different combinations of the wetting agents were used. When the wetting agents of both SF-1 and SF-2 were added, the microstructure consisted of crystal and amorphous phases, the grain size reduced to 5-40 nm, the RMS value decreased to 11.4 nm and the wear resistance improved. In addition, the hardness was as high as 638 Hv which is higher than that of commercial stainless steel mask and this improvement is probably due to the presence of amorphous Phase and fine grain size. The improvement of the wear resistance can provide a higher reliability and a longer service life.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 1998

It is important in the durable water and oil repellent finishing for wool fabric what kinds of water-repellent agents will be used. Water repellent agents and its concentration were aleady chosen in the previous paper, one of the crosslinking agents which has less damages(harsh handle or yellowing) to the treated fabrics was a low molecular weight urethane-based resins(eg. Elastron BN-11). In repellent finishing, fabrics were padded in a bath which contained aqueous solution of water-repellent agents, and crosslinking agents, and wetting agents, followed by drying and curing. The most suitable treating condition for excellent repellency and durability to dry-cleaning was as follows ： Fabrics are padded at liquor pick-up ratio of 50%, with aqueous solution which contained $30g/\ell$ of water-repellent agents, and $1g/\ell$ of crosslinking agents, and 40g/s of wetting agents. And the padded fabrics were dried at $110^\circ{C}$ for 1 minute, and cured at $160^\circ{C}$ for 1 minute. For the fabrics, water and oil repellencies and durability to repeated dry-cleanings were observed. For enhancing the durability to dry-cleaning, the role of crosslinking agents was important for they bonds water-repellent agents and fibers to 3-dimensional net structure. Therefore, the most suitable drying and curing conditions should be selected according to the kinds of crosslinking agents.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.3 no.4
• /
• pp.336-341
• /
• 2014

Wetting agent is a substance that reduces the soil water repellency and causes a liquid to spread more easily into the soil. Wetting agents are well known as to improve irrigation efficiency. Phosphorus is one of the 17 essential nutrient elements and promote faster seed germination. The objective of this study was to evaluate wetting agent and P rates for fast germination and establishment of Kentucky bluegrass. Three levels of wetting agent which were 0.23, 0.46, and $0.92ml\;m^{-2}$ were applied and the P treatments were 5, 10, and $15g\;m^{-2}$. The medium and high rate of wetting agent at the high P rate had the greatest turfgrass coverage and took 28 days to reach 50% turfgrass coverage regardless of P application. Based on this study, wetting agent is effective for fast germination and establishment of Kentucky bluegrass if sufficient phosphorus is applied.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
• /
• 2001.10a
• /
• pp.730-733
• /
• 2001

Separation of PET and PVC is a key technology to achieve effective plastics recycling but no efficient and economically feasible method has been developed yet. The application of flotation was investigated by many researchers but the causes of the selectivity were not clarified. This paper described the adsorption mechanism of wetting agents onto plastics, using the agents which have various polarity and hydrocarbon chain length. It was found that (1) hydrophobic interaction played a predominant role for the adsorption, (2) anionic wetting agents could be adsorbed onto negatively charged plastics with the polar radicals oriented outer part of the plastics, then often depressed plastics more effectively than cationic agents, and (3) PET and PVC could be separated with dodecyamine hydrochloride and sodium dodecyl- sulfonate in the concentration ranges of 1.0$\times$10$^{[-10]}$ $^{6}$ -5.0$\times$10$^{[-10]}$ $^{5}$ and 2.0$\times$10$^{[-10]}$ $^{6}$ -1.0$\times$10$^{[-10]}$ $^{5}$ mo1/1, respectively.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.13-19
• /
• 2015

Real scale fire tests was carried out for extinguishing performance evaluation of the wetting agent. The experiment was conducted in accordance with a Class A fire extinguishing test methods specified in the 'Type Approval of the Manual System Fire Extinguisher and Technical Standards of Test'. In addition, the subjects of this experiment were the wood flour and rice husk. Fire-fighting water, the three kinds of wetting agents used in the country and this study was used, was undertaken to determine a clear discrimination of the water and wetting agent. In the experimental results, it was confirmed that the internal temperature is maintained long time in the case of water. The internal temperature were rapidly lowered in the experiment of wetting agents. Therefore, the discrimination of extinguishing ability was confirmed by the temperature distribution in accordance with time. Based on the results of this experiment, this study is expected to be used as a underlying material on presenting a method of optimized performance evaluation of wetting extinguishing agent.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.143-150
• /
• 2007

The objective of this study is to develop hydrocarbon-based cleaning agents by blending paraffins, glycol ethers and siloxanes in oder to effectively clean contaminants such as flux, solder and grease. And the effect of cleaning ability by wetting index, aniline points and solubility parameter of the formulated hydrocarbon-based cleaning agents were studied in this work. The formulated hydrocarbon-based cleaning agents were prepared on the base of physical properties of their individual components. Wetting indexes and aniline points of their were measured through experiments and solubility parameters of their were calculated based on the Hansen's equation. In this study, evaluation of cleaning ability by cleaning agents were carried out using contaminants such as flux, solder, and grease. The experimental results showed that the cleaning ability of the formulated cleaning agents was excellent in cleaning contaminants such as flux, solder and grease and that the influencing parameters on their cleaning efficiency were found to be different according to contaminant types. MC($20.3MPa^{1/2}$), DF-1 ($24.2MPa^{1/2}$) and DF-2($21.5MPa^{1/2}$) with similar solubility parameter as flux ($21.3MPa^{1/2}$) showed 100% cleaning efficiency within 3 minutes in flux cleaning. And CFC-113, MC and 1,1,1-TCE with low aniline point less than $-20^{\circ}C$ showed excellent cleaning efficiency in solder cleaning. DG-1($16.2\;MPa^{1/2}$) and DG-2($15.5\;MPa^{1/2}$) with similar solubility parameter as grease($15.0{\sim}17.0\;MPa^{1/2}$) showed relatively low cleaning efficiency of grease, but CFC-113 and MC with high wetting index and low aniline point showed good cleaning efficiency in grease cleaning. As a result of this study, the hydrocarbon-based cleaning agents alternative to regulated cleaning agents such as CFC-113, 1,1,1-TCE and MC were able to be developed through properly blending paraffins, glycol ethers and siloxanes for cleaning flux, solder and grease. And it can be shown that various influencing parameters of cleaning efficiency such as wetting index, aniline point, solubility parameter and etc. of the non-aqueous cleaning agent should be reviewed for prediction of their cleaning ability and can be applied to formulation of cleaning agents.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.10 no.7
• /
• pp.974-978
• /
• 1999

This study was concerned with the scouring effect of anionic surfactants, PAPE(sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl phosphoric ester) for cotton fibres. Sodium polyoxyethylene(7) nonylphenyl phosphoric ester(CPB-1) and the sodium polyoxyethylene(7) tridecyl phosphoric ester(CPB-2) were synthesized by the phosphoric esterification reaction from NP-7(polyoxyethylene(7) nonylphenyl ether) and TDA-7(polyoxyethylene(7) tridecyl ether) as scouring agents. Defoaming ability, fibre wetting time and absorbency rate of scouring agents were investigated. Being compared with the conventional scouring agent(Ultravon GP; Ciba-guyge Co.), CPB-1 and CPB-2 showed a higher defoaming ability in the cotton scouring process at room temperature. And CPB-1 has a higher wetting effect than the agents, CPB-2 or GP in distilled water bath but CPB-2 showed more scouring effect in 1.2 wt % NaOH solution bath.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.46-51
• /
• 2018

A basic sprinkler system is a fire extinguishing system that can be easily installed in a fire-vulnerable place such as a publicly used establishments. However, the publicly used establishments are not only complicated in structure, but also have a large amount of flammable interior materials, and the users are not normally in a normal state, which is a very dangerous fire-fighting object. Therefore, due to the low fire extinguishing performance of the basic sprinkler system installed in the publicly used establishments, the fire suppression control can not be performed quickly in case of fire, which may increase the life and property damage. In this study, the cases of quantitative changes of extinguishing water used in basic sprinkler system and the cases of addition of additives such as wetting agents, reinforced agents to improve extinguishing performance were compared. Experimental results showed that the extinguishing performance was improved as the quantity of extinguishing water increase and the reinforced agents showed similar performance to that of 60% increase in the amount of extinguishing water. The cooling time to $200^{\circ}C$ and oxygen concentration were improved up to 14.3% and 34.5%, respectively. In the case of using the wetting agent, the cooling time to $200^{\circ}C$ and oxygen concentration did not show any significant improvement, but showed the effect of preventing deep seated fire. In order to prevent loss of life and property, it is necessary to improve the performance of the basic sprinkler system by increasing amount of extinguishing water or using additives like reinforced agents.