• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.615-625
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• 2009

In this paper we describe Wilcoxon test and T-test that are well-known in two-sample location problem for detecting edges under different window configurations. The choice of window configurations is an important factor in determining the performance and the expense of edge detectors. Our edge detectors are based on testing the mean values of local neighborhoods obtained under the edge model using an edge-height parameter. We compare three window configurations based on statistical tests in terms of qualitative measures with the edge maps and objective, quantitative measures as well as CPU time for detecting edge.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.167-181
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• 2023

The determination of the blast protection level and the corresponding minimum load-bearing capacity for a laminated glass (LG) window is of crucial importance for safety and security design purposes. In this paper, the focus is given to the window response under near-field blast loading, i.e., where relatively small explosives would be activated close to the target, representative of attack scenarios using small commercial drones. In general, the assessment of the load-bearing capacity of a window is based on complex and expensive experiments, which can be conducted for a small number of configurations. On the other hand, nowadays, validated numerical simulations tools based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) are available to partially substitute the physical tests for the assessment of the performance of various LG systems, especially for the far-field blast loading. However, very little literature is available on the LG window performance under near-field blast loads, which differs from far-field situations in two points: i) the duration of the load is very short, since the blast wavelength tends to increase with the distance and ii) the load distribution is not uniform over the window surface, as opposed to the almost plane wave configuration for far-field configurations. Therefore, the current study focuses on the performance assessment and structural behaviour of LG windows under near-field blasts. Typical behavioural trends are investigated, by taking into account possible relevant damage mechanisms in the LG window components, while size effects for target LG windows are also addressed under a multitude of blast loading configurations.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.105-113
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• 2009

Daylighting provides the opportunity for both energy savings and improved visual comfort. An accurate estimation of the amount of daylight entering a building is the key step for daylight designing. This research aims to assess comparative daylighting performance of four different configurations of fenestration in case of unilateral windows and their variation under clear and overcast sky conditions. The selected window openings in this study were single punched, double punched, multiple punched and clerestory, and the area was same for each type of window. The experiment was designed for an office space using 1/10 scale model. Daylighting performance was evaluated by measuring the illuminance on work-plane height using Agilent data logger and photometric sensor Li-Cor. Thecomputer program ECOTECT was also used to simulate the pattern of interior illuminance distribution. Clerestory window showed the best performance in term of both illuminance level and distribution in the experiment. Multiple punched window provided more uniform illuminance distribution than single punched window. Lowest daylighting performance in the experiment was shown by double punched window.

• Atmosphere
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.287-306
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• 2010

An ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) with Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is applied for Typhoon Wukong (200610) to investigate the performance of ensemble forecasts depending on experimental configurations of the EnKF. In addition, the ensemble sensitivity analysis is applied to the forecast and analysis ensembles generated in EnKF, to investigate the possibility of using the ensemble sensitivity analysis as the adaptive observation guidance. Various experimental configurations are tested by changing model error, ensemble size, assimilation time window, covariance relaxation, and covariance localization in EnKF. First of all, experiments using different physical parameterization scheme for each ensemble member show less root mean square error compared to those using single physics for all the forecast ensemble members, which implies that considering the model error is beneficial to get better forecasts. A larger number of ensembles are also beneficial than a smaller number of ensembles. For the assimilation time window, the experiment using less frequent window shows better results than that using more frequent window, which is associated with the availability of observational data in this study. Therefore, incorporating model error, larger ensemble size, and less frequent assimilation window into the EnKF is beneficial to get better prediction of Typhoon Wukong (200610). The covariance relaxation and localization are relatively less beneficial to the forecasts compared to those factors mentioned above. The ensemble sensitivity analysis shows that the sensitive regions for adaptive observations can be determined by the sensitivity of the forecast measure of interest to the initial ensembles. In addition, the sensitivities calculated by the ensemble sensitivity analysis can be explained by dynamical relationships established among wind, temperature, and pressure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.106-112
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• 2014

This study presents the mechanical behavior of a ventilating window (a tsunami damper) on the building wall of a nuclear power plant. The window, which is under development, is used to ventilate a machinery room and the building under normal conditions, but it also provides a safety barrier for critical equipment against a tsunami caused by an earthquake. A finite element analysis was conducted to investigate the deflection and the stress distribution of the window under given loading conditions. With symmetry, a one-quarter portion of one window was modeled, and the pressure due to a great tide is assumed to be 7 bar. A structural analysis of the assembled frame, composed of a blade and casing, was also conducted using contact conditions to find the stress and strain configurations caused by the applied pressure.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.7
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• pp.2650-2659
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• 2022

The dense granular flow spallation target is a new target concept proposed for an Accelerator-Driven Sub-critical (ADS) system. In this paper, the beam-target configurations of a tungsten granular flow target for the ADS with a thermal power of 1 GW is explored. The beam profile options using different scanning methods are discussed. The critical geometry parameters are adjusted to investigate the performance of the granular target from the aspects of neutron efficiency, stability and temperature distribution in target medium. To figure out how the target under accident conditions would behave, different clogging conditions are induced in the simulation. The dynamic processes are analyzed and some important parameters such as abnormal temperature rise and beam cutoff time window are obtained. The response of the sub-critical reactor to a clogging accident is also investigated. It is indicated that the monitoring of the granular flow by the neutron detectors in the sub-critical core will be effective.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.915-924
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• 2022

In this paper, we present a two-stage scalable channel estimator (TSCE), a deep learning (DL)-based scalable, and robust channel estimator for wireless cellular networks, which is made up of two DL networks to efficiently support different resource allocation sizes and reference signal configurations. Both networks use the transformer, one of cutting-edge neural network architecture, as a backbone for accurate estimation. For computation-efficient global feature extractions, we propose using window and window averaging-based self-attentions. Our results show that TSCE learns wireless propagation channels correctly and outperforms both traditional estimators and baseline DL-based estimators. Additionally, scalability and robustness evaluations are performed, revealing that TSCE is more robust in various environments than the baseline DL-based estimators.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.100-105
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• 2012

In previous study, to investigate the impression of the compound lighting based on the AC-Model at the full-size room, the impressions of various compound lighting were completed as compared with that of the uniform lightings through the comparison method (a paired comparison) by Semantic Differential scaling. Also, we examined the effect of the supplementary lighting type increasing the lights at the side of the window and the blind-control lighting type, and they were compared with the existing compound lighting type. In results, pared comparison of the compound lighting and the uniform lighting, indicates that the impression of the compound lighting is generally similar to that of the uniform lighting when there are same ratios of the light from the window. Based on these results, we suggest that the AC-Model might be applied to various conditions. And we also introduce the method for daylighting that it is possible to reduce discomfort glare and to improve visual impressions as the supplementary type and blind-control type on the compound lighting. And it was found that electric power consumption of the compound lighting room was lower than that of the uniform lighting room when as same lighting ratio of the compound lighting and the uniform lighting from the window was provided or there was the lighting distribution simulated to same light ratio from the window. Since the method of the ACModel was described in the experimental condition, additional studies should be performed to determine if this model could be applied to different window configurations, lighting layout and types of a room.

• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.21-26
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• 2016

The objective of present study is to assess the performance of the first stage compressor in a total 3-stage 5000 HP-level turbo compressor. CFD commercial code, CFX has been used to predict three-dimensional flow characteristics inside of the impeller. Shear Stress Transport (SST) model has been used to simulate turbulent flows through Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. Grid dependency has been also checked to get optimal grid distribution. Numerical results have been compared with the experimental test results to elucidate performance characteristics of the present compressor. In addition, flow characteristics of the impeller only have been studied for various blade configurations. Angular offset in leading edge of the blade has been selected for the optimal blade design. Performance characteristics in region of low mass flow rate and high pressure ratio between the impeller entrance and exit have been investigated for the selection of optimal blade design. Also, flow instability such as stall phenomena has been studied and anti-stall characteristics have been checked for various blade configurations in the operational window.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.342-349
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• 2016

Objectives: The objective of this paper is to find flow and heat transfer characteristics numerically in boiler buildings for three different ventilation window configurations. Methods: Turbulent natural convection flow in boiler buildings with a constant heating wall temperature was analyzed numerically. Governing equations were solved with standard finite-volume method using the SIMPLE algorithm. Conclusions: Flow and heat transfer characteristics are found for three different ventilation types. In the lower area under furnace, velocity and temperature distributions show similar patterns among the three different ventilation types. In the upper area over furnace, however, air flow is well mixed with lower peak temperatures for types B and C, which have roof ventilation windows, compared to type A which has side wall louvers only. Also, type B, with a single large roof window, shows better ventilation effect than does type C with its distribution roof windows.