• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2015.08a
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• pp.117-117
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• 2015

Availability of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for the identification of ionic liquids (ILs) was tested. Commercially available ionic liquids (1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM] $BF_4$), (1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([BMIM] OTf), (1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM] $PF_6$), 1-hexyl-3-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([HMIM] $PF_6$), and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIM] $Tf_2N$) were qualitatively and semi-quantitatively analyzed with XPS. In order to confirm whether the results of XPS were correct, conventional method such as a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was performed. After the XPS results were convinced by NMR, we synthesized ILs (1-(4-sulfonic acid) butyl-3-butylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([SBBIM] OTf), 1-(4-sulfonic acid) propyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([SPMIM] OTf), and 1-(4-sulfonic acid) propyl-3-butylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([SPBIM] OTf) and analyzed it with XPS and NMR as well. It was successful the usage of XPS to analyze ILs without any purification processes.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.569-573
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• 2008

Purpose: Surgical excision of the subcutaneous tissues, with or without skin excision in the axillary hair-bearing area, has been the treatment of choice in treating osmidrosis for several decades. However, long periods of postoperative immobilization of a shoulder joint, partial necrosis of skin flaps or the possibility of hematoma and scars have occurred frequently. So we used $XPS^{(R)}$ microresector(Shaver) in procedure which requires removal of soft tissue for comparing results between surgical excision and the laters. Methods: From January 2007 to February 2008, a total of 20 patients(8 male and 12 female) underwent $XPS^{(R)}$ microresector(Shaver) assisted aspiration for treating osmidrosis. The mean age of the subjects was 21.9, and we tried to analyze some advantages of $XPS^{(R)}$ microresector(Shaver). Results: The average operation time was 61.6 minutes. This results can show that the patients who received $XPS^{(R)}$ microresector(Shaver) assisted aspiration can accomplish better outcomes than any other procedures in terms of operation time at least. Moreover, no significant postoperative complications occurred in our studies. Subjects have been followed up from 2 months to 1 year and among these patients, no one suffered from critical complications. Conclusion: In brief, $XPS^{(R)}$ microresector(Shaver) is able to shorten the time of operation and simplify the procedures relatively and this device has more superiorities in wound healing by maintaining of vascularized dermal skin flaps. It means that $XPS^{(R)}$ microresector (Shaver) can prevent flap necrosis, axillary hair loss and minimalize scarring and bleeding. Thus, we expect that these advantages can lead to better patient's comfort and self-confidence than several previous procedures.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.806-810
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• 2009

Purpose: Gynecomastia is an abnormal increase in the volume of the male breast. Subcutaneous mastectomy was the first surgical treatment for gynecomastia. But because of the complications such as nerve injury and scar formation, subcutaneous mastectomy has been substituted with liposuction. Recently various techniques including ultrasound - assisted liposuction has been used for treatment of gynecomastia. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the results of XPS$^{(R)}$ microresector(Shaver) for treatment of gynecomastia. Methods: 17 patients, 33 breasts of gynecomastia, Simon grade I or II have been treated with XPS$^{(R)}$ microresector(Shaver). The mean age was 24.5. The subcutaneous tissue and glandular tissue were removed with XPS$^{(R)}$ microresector(Shaver). The operation time, the weight of removed tissue and patients' satisfaction score were accessed. Results: The mean operation time was 78.2 minutes. The mean weight of removed tissue was 113.8 g. There was no significant complications such as necrosis, hematoma, infection or scar contracture. Patients' satisfactory score of scar, shape and confidence were 8.4, 8.2 and 8.4 respectively. As the average score was 8.3, almost patients were satisfied with their breasts. Conclusion: The authors have treated 17 patients suffering from gynecomastia with XPS$^{(R)}$ microresector(Shaver). We obtained short operation time, early recovery, minimal operative scar and less complications with XPS$^{(R)}$ microresector(Shaver) for the treatment of gynecomastia, and patients were satisfied with the results of our method. We concluded XPS$^{(R)}$ microresector(Shaver) is an alternative option for the treatment of gynecomastia.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.5-13
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• 2014

In this research, in order to study insulation effect of commercial XPS and recycled PE aggregates for prevention of frost heave in the roadbed of railroad track from the freezing temperature, model tests were carried out in the large freezing room. For this, thermal conductivities were measured for various dry densities, water contents, temperatures and mixing ratios of PE aggregates. From the tests, it can be seen that thermal conductivities of roadbed decrease with the increase of the ratio of mixed PE aggregates. However it was sensitive to the changes of temperature and water content due to the amount of water in the voids. From the model test of railroad track, it can be seen that the time to reach $0^{\circ}C$ was longer for XPS than that for the PE aggregates. Also the test shows best insulation effect can be achieved when XPS board was installed above the PE aggregate layer rather than the opposite order.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.109-115
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• 2003

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films are deposited at room temperature using a filtered cathodic vacuum arc (FCVA) technique. The influence of negative bias voltage (applied to the substrate from 0 to -250V) on the $sp^3$ hybridized carbon fraction is examined by Raman spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for C 1s core peak. For the first time, depth profile of C 1s, Si 2p, and O 1s XPS peaks for the deposited DLC film are obtained. DLC film is modeled as a multilayered structure. composing of surface, bulk, and interface. In addition, the x-ray reflectivity (XRR) is proposed as a method for estimating the density, surface roughness, and thickness of each layer constituting the DLC film. The estimated thickness of DLC film is in good agreement with the result obtained from the transmission electron microscope (TEM) measurement.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1989.06a
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• pp.83-86
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• 1989

Lead titanate thin films with a perovskite structure were successfully structure were successfully fabricated on titanium substrate by Chemical Vapour Deposition(CVD). Analyses of Auger Electron Spectroscopy(AES) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) have been performed in order to find a chemical composition of lead titanate films. The analysis of chemical composition by AES and XPS was investigated for variations of deposition temperature and Ti(C$_2$H$_{5}$O)$_4$ fractions. The chemical composition of PbTiO$_3$by XPS analysis was almost constant regardless of deposition parameters and the comparison of chemical composition by AES and XPS was performed.d.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.355-359
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• 1994

Cd1-xCoxIn2Se4(X=0.50) 결정을 수직 Bridgman 방법으로 성장시키고 성장된 결정의 결정구조 및 XPS 특성을 연구하였다. 성장된 결정은 pseudocubic 구조이고 격자상수는 a=5.778$\AA$으로 주어졌다. Cd1-xCoxIn2Se4 결정의 각 성분원소인 cadmium cobalt indium 그리고 selenium에 대한 XPS spectrum으 로부터 결합에너지와 결합상태를 조사하였다. Cd1-xCoxIn2Se4결정과 결합하지 안는 각 성분원소인 cadium cobalt imdium 그리고 selenium에 대한 core level의 XPS spectrum과 비교하면 각 성분원소상 이의 결합에 의한 chemical shift 현상 때문에 core level의 결합에너지가 0.10~4.87 eV 차이가 있다. Cd1-xCoxIn2Se4 결정에서 Co 2P3/2 core level의 주 peak와 statellite peak와의 결합에너지 차이로부터 cadmium과 치화된 cobalt는 Co2+ ion으로 Td symmetry 점에 위치함을 알 수 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics D
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• v.34D no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 1997

The surface properties after plasma etching of TiW alloy using the chemistries of BCl$_{3}$ and SF$_{6}$ gases with varying mixing ratio have been investigated using XPS(X-ray photoelectron spectrocopy). The elements existed on the etched sampled have been extracted with BCL$_{3}$/SF$_{6}$ ratio and their chemical binding states have also been analysed. It was confirmed that the thickness of native oxide formed on the TiW films is thinner than 10nm by using Ar sputtering. At the same time, the roughness of etched surface has been esamnied using AFM (atomic force microscopy). on the basis of the basis of this results, the relations between the caanges of oxygen contents detected by XPS and the rouhness of etched surface have been discussed. And the etch rate and etched profile of Tiw films have been examined and the changes of the etch rate and etched prfile have been discussed with XPS results. From XPS results, the role of passivation layer consisted of Ti-S compound with XPS results. From XPS results, the role of passivation layer consisted of Ti-S compound has been proposed. Ti-S compound seems to make a role of passivation layer that surpresses Ti-O formation.ion.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.50 no.8
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• pp.549-556
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• 2012

The tribological behavior of CrMoN films with respect to surface chemistry was investigated by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). All of the films were prepared from a hybrid PVD system consisting of DC unbalanced magnetron (UBM) sputtering and arc ion plating (AIP) sources. The tribological property of the films was evaluated by a friction coefficient using a Ball-on-disk type tribometer. The chemistry of wear track was analyzed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and XPS. The friction coefficient was measured to be 0.4 for the CrMoN film, which is lower than that of a monolithic CrN film. EDS and XPS results imply the formation of an oxide layer on the coating surface, which was identified as molybdenum oxide phases, known to be a solid lubricant during the wear test.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.536-541
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• 2009

Plasma-polymerized acrylic acid films were deposited on Si wafer and KBr pellet by remote plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Effects of plasma power, reaction pressure, indirect plasma method on the growth rate, chemical structure, and chemical bonding state of the films were investigated. Chemical structure and chemical state of the films were characterized by Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis and curve fitting technique. Growth rate of the film increased to a saturation value with plasma power of 100 W, but showed the maximum with reaction pressure at 300 mtorr. Whenever W/FM factor (applied energy per gas molecule) increased by increasing plasma power or lowering pressure, the fragmentation of acrylic acid molecules was promoted. From the XPS curve fitting analyses, we found that the intensity of carboxyl COO bonding peak decreased with W/FM factor, and the tendency of intensity change of carboxylic COO peak was contrary to those of ether C-O and carbonyl C=O peaks.