• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.39-56
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• 2002

Objective : The aim of this study is to investigate the inhibitory effect of lnjinchunggantang-derivative on acute and sub-acute hepatic fibrosis induced by $CCl_4$, and to compare the efficiency of lnjinchunggantang-derivative, Salviae Radix and Scirpi Tuber.Zeloariae Rhizoma on acute and sub-acute hepatic fibrosis induced by $CCl_4$. Method : Western blotting for collagen type N, quantitative RT-PCR and gross & histological findings on liver tissue (Hematoxylin & Eosin stain, Reticulin stain, Masson-Trichrome stain) were studied. Results : In the study on collagen type N expression, lnjinchunggantangcderivative, Scirpi Tuber.Zeloariae Rhizoma and Salviae Radix showed inhibitory effect in western blotting. In quantitative RT-PCR assay, lnjinchunggantang-derivative showed inhibitory effect on collagen type N expression in acute hepatic fibrosis model, whereas lnjinchunggantang-derivative, Scirpi Tuber.Zeloariae Rhizoma and Salviae Radix showed inhibitory effect on collagen type N expression in sub-acute hepatic fibrosis model. In the gross findings of acute and sub-acute hepatic fibrosis models,lnjinchunggantang-derivative, Salviae Radix and Scirpi Tuber. Zeloariae Rhizoma showed inhibitory effect on hepatic fibrosis in the order. In the histological findings of acute and sub-acute hepatic fibrosis models in Hematoxylin & Eosin, Reticulin and Masson-Trichrome staining, the liver of $CCl_4$-only group showed atrophy and necrotic change with white nodules whereas that of $CCl_4$+ Injinchunggantang-derivative showed no significant histological change with well preservation of the tone of the tissue, and Scirpi Tuber. Zeloariae Rhizoma and Salviae Radix group showed minimal fibrotic changes. In the scoring system of the extent of the inhibition of the hepatic fibrosis, lnjinchunggantang-derivative group showed statistically significant inhibitory effect(p<0.05) whereas Scirpi Tuber.Zeloariae Rhizoma and Salviae Radix group showed no statistically significant effect in the acute hepatic fibrosis model. In the sub-acute hepatic fibrosis model, lnjinchunggantang-derivative, Scirpi Tuber.Zeloariae Rhizoma and Salviae Radix group showed statistically significant effect (p<0.01). Conclusion : These results show that lnjinchunggantang-derivative, Salviae Radix and Scirpi Tuber.Zeloariae Rhizoma have inhibitory effect in the order on hepatic fibrosis induced by $CCl_4$ by suppressing the expression of collagen type N, ultimately preventing liver cirrhosis. To obtain more credible results in this experiment, developement of a new experimental model more similar to human hepatic fibrosis is still needed.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.157-164
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• 2019

The study was conducted to investigate the acute and sub-acute toxicity effect of Aquilaria malaccensis leaves aqueous extract (AEAM) towards male ICR mice in terms of body weight, relative organ weight, mortality rate and sperm parameters. In acute toxicity study, a single dose at of 2000 mg/kg was performed. In sub-acute toxicity study, the mice were received normal saline (control group), 50, 100, 150, 200, 500, or 1000 mg/kg of AEAM orally for 21 days of treatment. In sub-acute toxicity study, the number of abnormal sperm were significantly decreased in AEAM 100, 150, 200, 500, and 1000 when compared to the control group. While, the motility of sperm were found to be significantly increased in AEAM 100, 150, 200, and 1000 as compared to the control group. No mortality was recorded in the control group and treated groups in both toxicity studies except for one mouse from AEAM 1000 group. However, the mild sedative effect in terms of the tendency to sleep was clearly noticeable in both toxicity studies. Results indicated that the AEAM can be one of the useful alternative medicine to enhance fertility rate by increasing healthy sperm production.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.179-187
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• 1984

To investigate the recorded efficacy in Oriental medical references and effects in clinics, experimental studies were undertaken to estimate 'Palmiwhan' to the diuretic effect in normal rats, rabbits and rats with $HgCl_2-induced$ acute renal failure and hypotensive effects on the nephrogenous hypertension in rabbits with $HgCl_2-induced$ acute renal failure. The results of this study were summarized as follows; Increase in urinary volume, urinary $Na^+\;and\;Cl^-$ excretions were significantly recognized in normal rats and rabbits. Increase in urinary volume, urinary $Na^+\;and\;Cl^-$ excretions were significantly shown in rats with 2mg/kg $HgCl_2-induced$ acute renal failure. Although plasma electrolyte and creatinine levels were little affected, plasma urea nitrogen levels were significantly elevated in normal rats and 2mg/kg $HgCl_2-induced$ acute renal failure of rats. Although the blood pressure was not affected in normal rabbits and cats, hypotensive actions due to the diuretic effect were recognized in rabbits $HgCl_2-induced$ acute renal failure.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.177-187
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• 2005

Objective : This study is designed in order to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Scalp Acupuncture and Do-ma Acupuncture related with Governer Vessel(Dok) and Bladder Meridian(Chok-taeyang) on acute low back pain Methods : We investigated 10 patients suffering from acute low back pain were treated from Mach. 1st 2005 to Jun. 30th 2005. 10 patients, were diagnosed only straightened curvature on lateral view of lumbar spine X-ray and get Scalp acupunture related with Governer Vessel(Dok) and Bladder Meridian(Chok-taeyang) and Do-ma acupuncture. Pain rating score(PRS) was used to assess the pain for its intensity, frequency, duration, and aggravating factors. And visual analog scale(VAS) was used, too. Results : Both Scalp acupunture related with Governer Vessel(Dok) and Bladder Meridian(Chok-taeyang) and Do-ma acupuncture therapy showed good effect on acute low back pain. It was proved by the difference between PRS and VAS checked before treatment and what checked after treatment. In the evaluation of treatment effect, Exellent was 2(20%), Good was 5(50%), Moderate was 3(30%), Poor was 0(0%). Conclusion : The therapeutic effect of Scalp Acupuncture and Do-ma Acupuncture on acute low back pain can be recommended as a useful therapy to treat acute low back pain.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.61-68
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• 2006

Objectives : The Purpose of this report is to examine the effect of Remote Acupuncture Point Needling in the Low Back Pain patient of Acute Stage. Methods : From October 1st 2005 to May 31th 2006, 30 cases of low back pain patients at acute stage were divided into 2 groups; one group(control group) took near acupuncture point needling, and the other group(test group) took near acupuncture point needling with remote acupuncture point needling. For evaluating change of pain, Visual Analog Scale(VAS) was checked before and after Treatment. Results : Both acupuncture therapy showed good effect on low back pain of acute stage. And test group showed better effect on decreasing pain than control group. It was proved by the difference between VAS checked before treatment and what checked after treatment. But it was not significant statistically. Conclusion : Near acupuncture point needling and remote acupuncture point needling can be recommended as a useful therapy to treat low back pain of acute stage.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.239-241
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• 1989

Naloxone partially antagonized the analgesic effect of a large dose of morphine and inhibited the development of an acute type tolerance. Ginseng total saponins did not antagonize the analgesia of a large dose of morphine but inhibited the delrelopment of acute and delayed types tolerance. The morphine analgesia and the development of acute type tolerance were affected by the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone, but the development of acute type tolerance was not. Ginseng total saponins partially inhibited the development of the delayed type tolerance that was not inhibited by naloxone, but also partially suppressed the development of the acute type tolerance that was completely inhibited by naloxone. These results imply that the partial inhibition of the development of the acute and delayed types tolerance by ginseng total saponins is not mediated by the opioid receptors.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.43-49
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• 2005

Objectives : The present study was carried out to determine if Glycyrrhizae Radix extract exerts beneficial effect against the ischemia-induced acute renal failure in rabbits. Glycyrrhizae Radix was known to reinforce the function of the spleen and replenish Qi, remove heat and counteract toxicity, dispel phlegm and relieve cough, alleviate spasmodic pain, and to moderate drug actions. It's indications are weakness of the spleen and the stomach marked by lassitude and weakness; cardiac palpitation and shortness of breath; cough with much phlegm: spasmodic pain in the epigastrium, abdomen and limbs: carbuncles and sores. It is often used for reducing the toxic or drastic actions of other drugs. Methods : Antioxidative effect of 3% concentration of Glycyrrhizae Radix extract was measured. Rabbits were treated with Glycyrrhizae Radix extract via i.v., followed by renal ischemia/reperfusion, and the changes of urine volume, serum creatinine levels, glomerular filtration rate(GFR), fractional Na+ excretion$(FE\;Na^+)\;and\;K^+\;excretion(FE\;K^+)$ in ischemia/reperfusion induced acute renal failure were measured. Results : Renal ischemia/reperfusion caused increase of serum creatinine level, which was accompanied by a reduction in glomerular filtration rate(GFR). The fractional excretion of $Na^+\;and\;K^+$ increased in ischemia-induced animals, which was partially prevented by Glycyrrhizae Radix extract treatment. Conclusions : These results indicate that lipid peroxidation plays a critical role in ischemia-induced acute renal failure. Glycyrrhizae Radix extract exerts the protective effect against acute renal failure induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion, and its effect may be attributed to an antioxidant action.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.377-383
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• 1997

The acute toxicity effect of triorganotin of trioganotin on the growth of microalgae and shellfish was investigated through flask culture. The value of 120 hr-LC$_{50}$ that is the median lethal concentration of TBTO on the shellfish (R. philipinarum) was found to be 6 $\mu$g/L. The acute toxicity effect of TBTO on T. suecica was obviously shown even at the concentration of 0.5 $\mu$g/L, and the effect diminished as the initial cell density increased. The effect also diminished less in the experiment done under aeration than in that done under non-aeration. To design a chemostat system for the test of chronic toxicity, the culture of T. suecica was executed in photobioreactor. In batch culture, the profiles of chlorophyII a and D.C.W. showed the growth of T. suecica very well, and the maximum specific growth rate was estimated to be 0.54 d$^{-1}$. with this value, as a dilution rate in contimuous culture, pH was nicely maintained between 7 and 9 when air was supplied with 3% CO$_{2}$. From all results and the natural environment of clam, a novel chemostat system was invented. Through this system, we can observe each independent toxicity effect of TBTO and plankton and combined toxicity effect as well.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.61-73
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• 2013

Objectives : This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Phaseoli Semen Herbal-acupuncture(PS-HA) at $KI_{10}$ in acute nephritis induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) in rat. Methods : The rats were divided into 5 groups, which were control, LPS, PS-HA, NP and saline group. LPS, PS-HA, NP and saline groups were given LPS to induce acute nephritis and control group did not receive LPS. LPS group did not receive any treatment after the onset of acute nephritis. PS-HA, NP and saline group received PS-HA, normal acupuncture, and saline injection at $KI_{10}$ three times per week, respectively. To evaluate the effect of PS-HA at $KI_{10}$, the complete blood count, BUN, creatinine, TNF-${\alpha}$, and CINC-1 in serum were measured. To show its effect on renal function, creatinine, and total protein in urine was measured as well as urine output. The level of myeloperoxidase in renal tissue was quantified and complete histology was done in kidney samples obtained from the rats. Results : PS-HA group showed a significant reduction in the proportion of WBC and neutrophil, serum BUN, TNF-${\alpha}$, and CINC-1 compared to LPS group. Furthermore, a significant increase in urine output and a decrease in urinary creatinine level, MPO in renal tissue, and number of neutrophils at glomerulus was observed in PS-HA group compared to LPS group Conclusions : PS-HA at $KI_{10}$ was shown to have a significantly effect on treating LPS induced acute nephrits. Therefore, future study is needed to further evaluate the clinical usefulness of PS-HA at $KI_{10}$ in treating acute nephritis.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.98-102
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• 2006

The present stuby was carried out to determine if Radix Glycyrrhizae extract exerts beneficial effect against the ischemia-induced acute renal failure in rabbits. Radix Glycyrrhizae was known to reinforce the function of the spleen and replenish Qi, remove heat and counteract toxicity, dispel phlegm and relieve cough, alleviate spasmodic pain, and to moderate drug actions. It's indications are weakness of the spleen and the stomach marked by lassitude and weakness; cardiac palpitation and shortness of breath; cough with much phlegm; spasmodic pain in the epigastrium, abdomen and limbs; carbuncles and sores. It is often used for reducing the toxic or drastic actions of other drugs. Rabbits were treated with Radix Glycyrrhizae extract via i.v., followed by renal ischemia/reperfusion. Fractional excretion of glucose and phosphate, lipid peroxidation and light microscopy were done to evaluate the beneficial effect of Radix Glycyrrhizae extract on ischemia/reperfusion induced acute renal failure. Renal ischemia/reperfusion caused increase of fractional excretion of glucose and phosphate increased in ischemia-induced animals, which was partially prevented by Radix Glycyrrhizae extract treatment. Ischemia/reperfusion increased lipid peroxidation, which was prevented by Radix Glycyrrhizae extract administration. And the beneficial effect of Radix Glycyrrhizae extract on ischemia/reperfusion induced kidney injury was shown through the light micrographic observation. These results indicate that lipid peroxidation plays a critical role in ischemia-induced acute renal failure. Radix Glycyrrhizae extract exerts the protective effect against acute renal failure induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion.