• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.413-420
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• 2016

Hydroxy acid has been used to enhance anti-aging and skin moisturization by peeling effect on the skin stratum corneum, and thus it has been widely used in topical products and cosmetic products. Among them, the effect that appears most effectively in a short period of time has been reported to be effected by the pH of the cosmetic formulations. However, there are many difficulties in use due to irritation caused by pH and concerns about side effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of applying cosmetics with (1) varying concentrations, (2) types and (3) pH of hydroxy acid on human skin. 22 healthy adults were stained with DHA (dihydroxyacetone) and DC (dansyl chloride) on the forearm, and the skin exfoliation effect was measured after application of the test products. (1) The application of GA (glycolic acid) increased the desquamation by concentration dependent. (2) the test product prepared with neutral pH showed no exfoliation effect. In contrast, SA (salicylic acid) showed a statistically significant exfoliation effect at both acidic pH and neutral pH. (3) The neutral pH SA showed excellent exfoliation effect on bot DHA and DC stained stratum corneum. These results suggest that it is possible to manufacture safe cosmetics without damaging the skin barrier, providing an opportunity to use cosmetics that are expected to exfoliate to people, whose skin is sensitive to pH.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.393-401
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• 2016

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation from the sun is the primary environmental factor that causes skin damages including skin cancer and premature skin aging. Because, even the most powerful sunscreen can't always afford enough protection, it is necessary to enhance the defensive power of skin against UV. Recently, constitutive photomorphogenic protein-1 (COP1) has shown to contribute to the regulation of UVB response of keratinocytes. In this study, we represent that COP1 and its associated protein, de-etiolated 1 (DET1), might participate in photoaging process in human skin as Arabidopsis COP1 does sun-protective function in plants. After UVB irradiation, the decrease of COP1 and DET1 mRNA expression was followed by the increase of c-Jun total protein. Moreover, transfection with DNA vectors expressing COP1 and DET1 down-regulated the c-Jun total protein. We found that Zanthoxylum piperitum extract (ZE) up-regulated the expression of COP1 and DET1 on human keratinocytes, and inhibited the expression of MMP1 which is one of the genes regulated by c-Jun signal. In addition, ZE has been reported to stimulate PPAR-${\alpha}$ and strengthen the skin barrier. We found that ZE decreased the UVB-induced IL-6 and IL-8 in NHEK cells. In human study, ZE protected skin against UV-B induced erythema and erythema-induced pigmentation. These results indicate that ZE could be useful for the protection against the adverse effects of UV irradiation through various mechanisms.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.58-64
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• 2017

Modern society is characterized by rapid increase in world population, aging of the rural population, decrease of cultivation area due to industrialization. The food problem is becoming an important issue with the farmers and becomes rural. Recently, the researches about the field of the smart farm are actively carried out to increase the profit of the rural area. The existing smart farm researches mainly monitor the cultivation environment of the crops in the greenhouse, another way like in the case of poor quality t is being studied that the system to control cultivation environmental factors is automatically activated to keep the cultivation environment of crops in optimum conditions. The researches focus on the crops cultivated indoors, and there are not many studies applied to the cultivation environment of crops grown outside. In this paper, we propose a method to improve the harvestability of poor areas by monitoring the areas with bad harvests by using big data analysis, by precisely predicting the harvest timing of fruit trees growing in orchards. Factors besides for harvesting include fruit color information and fruit weight information We suggest that a harvest correlation factor data collected in real time. It is analyzed using the Apache Spark engine. The Apache Spark engine has excellent performance in real-time data analysis as well as high capacity batch data analysis. User device receiving service supports PC user and smartphone users. A sensing data receiving device purpose Arduino, because it requires only simple processing to receive a sensed data and transmit it to the server. It regulates a harvest time of fruit which produces a good quality fruit, it is needful to determine a poor harvest area or concentrate a bad area. In this paper, we also present an architectural model to determine the bad areas of fruit harvest using strong data analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.294-298
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• 2015

According to the results of "Highway Bridges Long Life Repair Plan." The most serious damage to RC slabs is caused by fatigue deterioration, which results from the driving loads of large-sized vehicles, and aging of materials. In response to this, adhesion reinforcement using carbon fiber sheet is being adopted. In addition, carbon fiber strand sheet that holds the same material characteristics as CFS, but has superior workability, has been developed as a new reinforcement material. However, almost no studies have been conducted on CFSS in relation to fatigue resistance evaluation through fatigue tests under running wheel loads, with the exception of a few by some organizations. Therefore, in this study, specimens with front CFS adhesion reinforcement on the bottom surface of the RC slab and specimens with grid-type CFSS reinforcement were manufactured. Then, fatigue tests under running wheel loads were conducted, and thus fatigue resistance was evaluated using the specimens.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.259-266
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• 2015

Observed trends in climate change, globalization and an aging population have an effect on public health conditions in Korea, prompting a reevaluation of current environmental regulations. In this study, we evaluated the performance of the total coliform (TC) standard, which is the only microbiological standard in the current regulation regime for hot spring water, by estimating correlation with the presence/absence of Legionella, a non-fecal opportunistic pathogen with heat-tolerance. Microbiological data in 7 studies that surveyed Legionella in hot spring waters were subjected to meta-analyses with the odds ratio (OR) as the effect size. The presence/absence of Legionella was significantly correlated to TC levels [OR = 3.1(1.5–6.4, 95% CI), p = 0.002]. Due to there being no direct explanation as to the reason for the occurrence of TC, mesophilic fecal bacteria, being coupled with Legionella presence, the mechanism of the correlation between the two kinds of bacteria was further investigated. Legionella presence was more prevalent with a high heterotrophic plate count [HPC; 4.0(2.2–7.2); p < 0.001] and water temperature [4.3(1.4–13.6), p = 0.011] when the temperature range was <40℃. However, it was reverse-correlated with water temperature when the temperature was >50℃ [0.2(0.1–0.4), p < 0.001]. Therefore, bacterial standing crops in hot spring waters appear to be determined by water temperature in general, and this forces TC and Legionella levels be correlated. In accordance with this relationship, HPC rather than TC reflect the levels of non-fecal contamination better. Therefore, employing HPC as the sole microbiological standard, or adding HPC into the current standard of hot spring water assessment, is suggested as a proactive measure to prevent health issues arising from contamination.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.423-432
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• 2018

Purpose: Cataract is a major cause of a loss of eye sight, and is a critical health issue in an aging society. The oxidative stresses to the lens due to various exterior/interior stimuli leads to degenerative changes of the visual system, resulting in cataract. Therefore, reducing the level of oxidative damage is critical in the prevention of the disease. This study examined the association between the risk of cataract and intake of fruits and vegetables, the major dietary source of antioxidants. Methods: Using the data of Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2012, the intake of fruits and vegetables of 1,332 males (222 cases) and 2,012 females (377 cases) were analyzed, taking into account the cataract phenotype. Their dietary intake was categorized in 6 groups: TV (total vegetables), F (fruits), TVF (TV+F), SV (salted vegetables), NSV (Non-SV), and NSVF (NSV+F). The level of intakes were evaluated referring to the recommendation level of various dietary guidelines. Results: The presence of cataract was associated with some type of fruit and vegetable intake. In males, the controls had more TVF (p < 0.001), TV (p = 0.001), SV (p = 0.012), NSV (p = 0.007), and NSVF (p < 0.001) intake than the cases, and the lower intake of TVF (< 500g), TV (300g), NSV (< 100g), and NSVF (< 400g) increased the risk of cataract by up to 1.7 fold [95% confidence interval: 1.06-2.71]. In females, the controls also had a higher intake of TVF (p < 0.001), TV (p = 0.042), and NSVF (p < 0.001), but the intake of such fruits and vegetables did not predict the meaningful risk of cataract. The intake of SV and F was not associated with the cataract phenotype in either males or females. Conclusion: The intake of fruits and vegetables can modify the risk of cataract in Korean males and a sufficient intake of those could be effective in the prevention of cataract.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.908-916
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• 2018

Hair loses melanin with aging, which leads to hair graying. The change in hair color is caused by a reduction in tyrosinase activity and an accumulation of hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) in hair follicles. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of Oryza sativa (OREE) on melanin production and antioxidative activity in B16F1 cells. In this study, OREE showed low DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power. However, it displayed a strong antioxidative effect against intracellular $H_2O_2$ in live cells. OREE did not inhibit DOPA oxidation activity in vitro, but it increased tyrosinase activity at a concentration of $64{\mu}g/ml$. OREE at a concentration higher than $32{\mu}g/ml$ showed cell toxicity in B16F1 cells. However, OREE at a concentration higher than $8{\mu}g/ml$ not only increased melanin synthesis in a dose-dependent manner in B16F1 cells but also increased melanin synthesis in cells treated with $H_2O_2$ inhibiting melanin synthesis. To confirm the effect of OREE on melanin production, Western blot analysis was performed. The results revealed that OREE increased the expression levels of tyrosine hydroxylase and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2) involved in melanin production in the $H_2O_2$-treated cells in which melanin production was inhibited. The findings suggest that OREE could improve melanin synthesis and be available for development of hair cosmetics aimed at improving melanin production.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.9
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• pp.1347-1355
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• 2015

In this study, the physicochemical properties, antioxidant capacities, and volatile flavor compounds of oriental melon wine prepared by freeze concentration after heat treatment (HA), ascorbic acid treatment (AAT), and heat and ascorbic acid treatment (HAAT) were investigated. During fermentation period, the melon wine by HAAT showed greater reduction of soluble solids and reducing sugar contents compared to other treatments. In addition, the melon wine treated with HAAT also showed a higher L value and lower browning index compared to other treatments. After aging, free sugar including fructose, and organic acids including citric acid, succinic acid, and malic acid were detected in all samples. For antioxidant activities and contents, HAAT treated wine showed greater antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents than those of others. In GC/MS analysis, a total of 33 volatile flavor compounds were identified. In the principal component analysis of volatile flavor compounds, principal components 1 and 2 represented 88.15% of the whole date distribution and showed opposite tendencies. Taken together, HAAT enhanced the antioxidant activities and sensory properties of oriental melon wine. Moreover, freeze concentration gave the different volatile flavor characteristics in oriental melon wine.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.643-661
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• 2015

Korea Teachers Pension (private school pension) is a mandatory pension and a social security system for private school teachers to ensure the stability of subscribers by a supplying pension when they (and their dependents) face future economic risk due to retirement or death. Therefore, the Teachers Pension must provide stability and sustainability in regards to adequacy of income and to function as a pension. However, the Government Employees Pension System (GEPS) of Korea (the most representative special occupation pension) recorded a fiscal deficit in 2001 and with an accumulated deficit that is expected to grow; subsequently, various plans for the reform of GEPS have been actively discussed. The Korea Teachers Pension system is based on the GEPS scheme and is not free from the GEPS discussions on reforms of national pension. The current system for the Teachers Pension needs to be improved because it is expected to be depleted within the next 30 years due to low fertility and an aging population in Korea. This study discusses existing Teachers Pension schemes problems and suggests a projection method and revised plans to improve it. We use long-term financial projections of the Teachers Pension to estimate the fund exhaustion point and the minus balance of the financial scale as well as analyze the supply-demand burden structure that reflects the future population structure to propose Teachers Pension reforms that will improve stability and adequacy.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.685-701
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• 2015

The low fertility rate and the unprecedented rapid pace of population aging is a significant factor degrading the national competitiveness and the social security system of Korea. The government has implemented various maternity incentives to alleviate the low birth problem; however, the policy seems in effective to solve the problem of low fertility. This study proposes a conditional birth-order specific fertility rate and investigates the policy effects of fertility transition in Korea to provide a basis for more effective policy development. The use of a conditional birth-order specific fertility rate allows for an effective calculation of the change and the effect in total fertility rate than a birth-order specific fertility rate. We compare the effects of the total fertility rate according to various scenarios that enables us to calculate how the total fertility rate can achieve the current multi-child childbirth support policy of the government and estimate how the total fertility rate can be achieved when focusing on the first or second childbirth support policy. We also summarize the research results on policy development for a practical increase in the childbirth that considers the rapid decrease in women of childbearing age (15-49 years) due to continued low fertility and present the number of childbirths in accordance with the total fertility rate.