• 제목/요약/키워드: american ginseng

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화기삼의 효능주장과 미국삼의 발전과정에 관한 고찰 (A Study on the Cooling Effect Claim & Development Procedure of the American Ginseng)

  • 이동필
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • 제30권3호
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    • pp.158-164
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    • 2006
  • The American ginseng is getting popular in the world market with cooling effects. This paper study history of the cooling effect of American ginseng. Most references include one's assertion on the cooling effect of American ginseng based on the old chinese believe. However, American ginseng was discovered in 1716 and export to China from mid 18 century. Concerning on the time period for clinical demonstration to get people's believe, it is not sufficient to conform the cooling effects of American ginseng. That is why the American ginseng was sold as an inferior goods compare oriental ginseng until mid 1970s. United State FDA also does not certify any effectiveness of Ginseng yet. However, it is important to study on the American ginseng because of rapid growth in the world ginseng market.

고려인삼과 미국삼의 수삼 및 홍삼품질 비교 (Comparison of Quality on the Raw and Red Ginseng in Korean and American Ginseng)

  • 정찬문;신주식
    • 한국약용작물학회지
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    • 제14권3호
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    • pp.183-187
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    • 2006
  • 고려인삼과 미국삼을 공시하여 Panax속 종간의 원료수삼 및 홍삼 등급에 기초하여 품질을 평가분석하였다. 1. 미국삼은 고려인삼에 비하여 근중이 적고 부정형 지근이 동체에서 많이 발생하는 관계로 체형이 불량하였다. 2. 홍삼수율은 고려인삼이 30.4%,미국삼이 33.8%로 미국삼이 높았고 홍삼의 본삼수율은 고려인삼이 80.4%, 미국삼이 72.2로 고려인삼이 높았다. 3. 원료수삼 1등급은 고려인삼이 미국삼에 비하여 2배정도 많았으나 2등급은 미국삼이 고려인삼에 비하여 많았다. 한편 고급홍삼인 천지삼율은 고려인삼이 미국삼에 비하여 높았다. 4. 홍삼 품질의 저하 원인은 고려인삼 미국삼 모두 내공과 내백 발생에 있었고 특히 미국삼은 내공에 비해 내백이 3배 가량 많이 발생하였다. 5. 홍삼의 지별 분포에서 고려인삼은 20지 이상의 대편급이 많았고 미국삼은 20지 이하의 소편급이 많았다.

고려인삼, 미국삼 및 죽절삼의 생육 및 형태적 특성 비교 (Comparison of Plant Growth and Morphological Characteristics Among the Korean Ginseng, the American Ginseng and the Bamboo Ginseng)

  • 정열영;이명구
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • 제22권2호
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    • pp.147-153
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    • 1998
  • An investigation was conducted to ascertain the basic information on characteristics of growth and morphological characters among the Korean (Panax. ginseng), the American (Panax. quinquefolium) and the Bamboo (Panax. japonicus) ginseng. In aerial parts growth of the ginseng species by age, The Korean ginseng and American ginseng's stem and leaf growth was alike in 2-4 years old, but growth cycle changed in 6 years old. The Korean ginseng was more vigorous than the American ginseng. The Korean ginseng roots were highly observed in ratio of red skin roots among three species, whereas The American ginseng roots were highly infected by root rot. It seems to be variable depending on growing stage and species. The Korean ginseng flowered about the middle of May, the American ginseng early June, and the Bamboo ginseng was late of May, The berry color of the ginseng species was observed, The Korean and American ginseng's mature berry color was red, The Bamboo ginseng's berry was three type of color and shape. In root characteristics of the seedling, Korean (p. ginseng), American (p. quinquefolium) ginseng's root shape was similarity in type, the bamboo ginseng showed different type, which root length and root weight was smaller than those of ginseng. In morphological characters of Leaf surface, pollen, and stoma, the Korean ginseng and American ginseng had crystal rosette on epidermis cell, but the Bamboo ginseng didn't has crystal rosette. Pollen shape observed tricolpate pollen and size was media type among the ginseng species, and also guard cell was anomocytic type, which were observed by scanning electronic microscope.

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General Introduction of American Ginseng Indigenous in USA and Canada

  • Park, Chung-Heon;Bang, Kyung-Hwan;Park, Chun-Geun;Sung, Jung-Sook;Song, Won-Seob
    • Plant Resources
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    • 제6권3호
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    • pp.165-169
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    • 2003
  • American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) is herbaceous perennial plants indigenous to North American forests. This is highly valued as medicinal herbs with a long history of collection from wild populations since 1716. Wild American ginseng distributed from Quebec in Canada to northern Florida in USA. A heavy concentration is found in the Appalachian mountains, although wild American ginseng is considered endangered. The price paid for field cultivated ginseng has dropped dramatically in the past 10 years, while the price for wild or woods cultivated ginseng has rised significantly. The price curve for ginseng resembles a roller coaster, reflecting not only supply and demand but many other factors. This information will be useful to understand American ginseng compared to Korean ginseng.

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고려인삼과 미국삼의 품질요인별 수삼 및 홍삼등급 비교 (Comparison of Grade of Raw and Red Ginseng on each Factor of Quality in Korean and American Ginseng)

  • 정찬문;신주식
    • 한국약용작물학회지
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    • 제14권4호
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    • pp.229-233
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    • 2006
  • 고려인삼과 미국삼에 있어 원료수삼의 품질 외적요인과 홍삼품질과의 관계를 조사하여 종간특성을 비교하였다. 원료수삼의 편급과 등급을 결정하는 품질요인은 체형계수, 동장 그리고 근중을 적용하였으며 이들 요인과 홍삼 품질관계를 구명하였다. 1. 편급의 분포는 고려인삼의 경우 중편과 대편급이 많았으나 미국삼은 중편과 소편급이 많았으며 미국삼은 고려인삼에 비해 동장이 짧고 동직경이 굵고 부정형 지근이 많았다. 2. 원료삼 품질은 고려인삼이 미국삼에 비하여 양호하였고 홍삼품질은 고려인삼이 지삼 이상의 고급홍삼이 많았으나 미국삼은 양삼과 같이 저급홍삼이 많았다. 3. 원료수삼 품질요인중 중편삼과 대편삼의 경우 고려인삼은 체형계수 0.5 이하였으나 미국삼은 0.5를 상회하여 미국삼은 홍삼품질에 적합하지 않았다. 4. 고려인삼과 미국삼 모두 품질요인으로 동장과 근중은 홍삼품질과의 관계에서 비슷한 경향이나 체형계수가 특히 홍삼의 품질을 좌우하는 요인이었다. 5. 따라서 고려인삼과 미국삼 모두 원료삼과 홍삼품질 향상을 위해 근중, 체형계수 그리고 동장의 조정이 요망되었다.

미국 화기삼의 종류별 생산방법과 경제성분석 (Production Procedures and Economics of the American Ginseng)

  • 이동필
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • 제30권3호
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    • pp.172-180
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    • 2006
  • The purpose of this study is classifying types of American ginseng and estimating their production cost and revenue by the types. Usually, the American ginseng can be classified as 4 different types; wild ginseng(WG), wild simulated ginseng(WSG), woods grown ginseng(WGG), and field cultivated ginseng(FCG). This paper estimates costs and benefits for FCG, WGG, and WSG per acre. The WGG & WSG are produced under the tree at mountain while the FCG is produced at large scale farm with machinery. Annual profit for the FCG is $2,222 while that of the WGG and the WSG are $2,759 and $3,799 per acre. Although quantity produced per acre for the WGG and WSG(600lbs and 160lbs) are much smaller than that of the FCG(3,000lbs), prices per pound for the WGG and WSG($125, 375$) are higher than that of the FCG($24). In addition, production costs for the WGG and WSG are lower than that of the FCG because of the costs for seeds, shadow facility, and chemicals are different by the types of production.

Chemical and Pharmacological Studies of Saponins with a Focus on American Ginseng

  • Yuan, Chun-Su;Wang, Chong-Zhi;Wicks, Sheila M.;Qi, Lian-Wen
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • 제34권3호
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    • pp.160-167
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    • 2010
  • Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) are the two most recognized ginseng botanicals. It is believed that the ginseng saponins called ginsenosides are the major active constituents in both ginsengs. Although American ginseng is not as extensively studied as Asian ginseng, it is one of the best selling herbs in the US, and has garnered increasing attention from scientists in recent years. In this article, after a brief introduction of the distribution and cultivation of American ginseng, we discuss chemical analysis of saponins from these two ginsengs, i.e., their similarities and differences. Subsequently, we review pharmacological effects of the saponins, including the effects on the cardiovascular system, immune system, and central nervous system as well as the anti-diabetes and anti-cancer effects. These investigations were mainly derived from American ginseng studies. We also discuss evidence suggesting that chemical modifications of ginseng saponins would be a valuable approach to develop novel compounds in drug discovery.

서양삼 추출물의 초단파 및 식초 처리에 의한 인삼 사포닌 성분 변화 (The Change of Ginsenoside Composition in American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) Extract by the Microwave and Vinegar Process)

  • 조희경;곽현희;임병옥;조순현;고성권
    • 생약학회지
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    • 제45권2호
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    • pp.107-112
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    • 2014
  • The purpose of this study is to develop a new preparation process of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) extract featuring high concentration of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, $Rg_5$, and $Rk_1$, Red ginseng special components. Chemical transformation from ginseng saponin glycosides to prosapogenin was analyzed by the HPLC. Extracts of American ginseng were processed under several treatment conditions of microwave and vinegar (about 14% acidity). The results showed that the quantity of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ increased by over 0.9% at the 20 minutes of the pH 2~4 vinegar and microwave American ginseng ethanol extract compared with other process times. The result of MAG-20 indicates that the American ginseng microwave and vinegar-processed American ginseng extracts (about 14% acidity) treated for 20 minutes produced the highest amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ (0.969%), $Rg_5$ (1.071%), and $Rk_1$ (0.247%). Besides, MAG-15 indicates that the microwave - and vinegar-processed American ginseng extracts (about 14% acidity) treated for 15 minutes produced the highest amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ (0.772%), $Rg_5$ (1.330%), and $Rk_1$ (0.386%). This indicates that American ginseng treated with microwave and vinegar had the quantity of the ginsenoside $Rg_3$ over 32 times the amount of the ginsenoside $Rg_3$ (which was not found in raw and American ginsengs) in the average commercial Red ginseng.

PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY OF GINSENG SAPONINS (I) Saponins and Sapogenins from American Ginseng Plants

  • Kim Jung Yun;Staba E. John
    • 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 고려인삼학회 1974년도 학술대회지
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    • pp.77-93
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    • 1974
  • The sapogenins of two-and four-year-old A-merican ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolium L.) (Araliaceae) collected in July and September were studied. American ginseng saponins (panaquilins) differ from Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) saponins (ginsenosides). The American ginseng saponins separated and named were panaquilins A, B, C, D, E-l, E-2, E-3, G-l, G-2, (c) and (d). One-dimensional thin-layer chromatography did not completely separate panaquilin mixture and were subject to misinterpretation. The panaquilins were more accurately separated and identified by the two-dimensional thin-layer method established. Some differences in American ginseng saponins were dependent upon the plant age, time of collection, and part extracted. The American ginseng sapogenin components are panxadiol (panaquilins B and C), oleanolic acid (panaquilin D) and panaxatriol (panaquilin G-l). The panaquilins E-l, E-2 and E-3 mixture contains both panaxadiol and panaxatriol. The genins of panaquilins A, (c), (d) and G-2 were not identified. In addition, ${\beta}-sitosterol$ and stigmasterol were identified from the root ether extracts.

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Analysis of Ginsenoside Composition of Ginseng Berry and Seed

  • Ko, Sung-Kwon;Bae, Hye-Min;Cho, Ok-Sun;Im, Byung-Ok;Chung, Sung-Hyun;Lee, Boo-Yong
    • Food Science and Biotechnology
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    • 제17권6호
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    • pp.1379-1382
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    • 2008
  • This study was performed to provide basic information that can be used to differentiate Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng CA. Meyer) berry and seed from American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) seed. Total ginsenoside contents of Korean ginseng berry, Korean ginseng seed, and American ginseng seed were 9.09, 3.30, and 4.06%, respectively. Total ginsenoside content of Korean ginseng berry was about 2.2 to 2.7 times higher than those of Korean ginseng seed and American ginseng seed. Particularly ginsenoside Re content of 4-year cultivated Korean ginseng berry (5.99%) was about 3.6 to 5.4 times higher than that of 4-year cultivated Korean ginseng seed (1.65%) and 4-year cultivated American ginseng seed (1.10%). The contents of total ginsenoside and ginsenoside Re of Korean ginseng berry were about 4.8 and 28 times higher, respectively, than those of 4-year cultivated Korean ginseng root. In general the contents of total ginsenoside and ginsenoside Re of Korean ginseng berry were significantly higher than those of Korean ginseng seed and American ginseng seed.