• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.18-27
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• 2009

B. thuringiensis strain LY-99 belonging to subsp. alesti (H3a3c), was isolated from Chinese tobacco warehouse and showed significantly high toxicity to Plutella xylostella. For the identification of the cry1-type genes from B. thuringiensis LY-99, an extended multiplex PCRrestriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP) method was established by using two pairs of universal primers based on the conserved regions of the cry1-type genes to amplify around 2.4 kb cry1-type gene fragments. Then the DNA fragment was cloned into pGEM-T Easy vector and digested with EcoRI and EcoRV enzymes. Through this method, a known cry1-type gene was successfully identified from the reference strain, B. thuringiensis subsp. alesti. In addition, the RFLP patterns revealed that B. thuringiensis LY-99 included a novel cry1A-type gene in addition to cry1Aa, cry1Ac, cry1Be and cry1Ea genes. The novel cry1A-type gene was designated cry1Ah2 (Genbank accession No DQ269474). An inverse PCR method was used to amplify the flank regions of cry1Ah2 gene. Finally, 3143 bp HindIII fragment from B. thuringiensis LY-99 plasmid DNA including 5' region and partial ORF was amplified, and sequence analysis revealed that cry1Ah2 gene from LY-99 showed 89.31% of maximum sequence similarity with cry1Ac1 crystal protein gene. In addition, the deduced amino acid sequence of Cry1Ah2 protein shared 87.80% of maximum identity with that of Cry1Ac2. This protein therefore belongs to a new class of B. thuringiensis crystal proteins.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.832-836
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• 1994

This study was carried out to investigate several kinds of characteristics of pork sausage prepared by different cooking temperature and time (60, 90, 120, 150, 180 minutes in $58^{\circ}C$ and 25, 40, 55, 70, 85 minutes in $65^{\circ}C$). In case of color, L(bright), a (red) and b(yellow) value were 64.60-65.26, 9.14-9.94 and 8.68-9.34 in $58^{\circ}C$, and 65.16-66.68, 8.78-9.62 and 7.66-8.36 in $63^{\circ}C$, respectively. Gel strength showed high when cooking time was 120, 250 and 180 minute in $58^{\circ}C$ and 40 minute in $65^{\circ}C$. Residual nitrite concentration showed higher $58^{\circ}C$ than $65^{\circ}C$ and decreased gradually as cooking time elevated in all cooking temperature. Total plate count in 58$^{\circ}C$ was higher than $65^{\circ}C$, was wholly $8.7{\times}10^2~3.5{\times}10^3$.In case of free amino acid content, Asp, Glu and Lys were high and Cys, Met and Tyr low and was not different with $58^{\circ}C$ and $65^{\circ}C$. The result of sensory evaluation was not different (p<0.05) with $58^{\circ}C\;and\;65^{\circ}C$.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.107-115
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• 2003

Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita cv. Jang-Ma) plants showing necrotic mosaic symptom were collected from their growing fields in Andong, Euisong, Gunwi and Daegu, Korea. Direct negative stainning method by electron microscope showed filamentous particles of about 660 nm in length. Immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM) revealed filamentous particles of 660nm decorated with antiserum of Chinese yam necrotic mosaic virus (ChYNMV). The virues purified partially were used to isolate viral RNA as template for RT-PCR to amplify about 1.2 kbp of 3'-terminal region (coat protein, 3'-UTR) with ChYNMV specific and oligo-dT primers. Amino acids sequences of amplified CP genes revealed that the viruses shared 97.9% similarity with ChYNMV (AB044386) wh ich was known as the member of Macluravirus. So the viruses from Chinese yam (D. opposita cv. Jang-Ma) plants were identified as ChYNMV. Comparing the CP amion acid sequences of ChYNMV strains with other macluraviruses such as Cardamon mosaic virus (CdMV), Narcissus latent virus (NLV) and Maclura mosaic virus (MacMV) revealed that N-terminal was the most varialbe region and conserved regions were present within the genus Macluravirus.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.435-440
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• 2004

The gene encoding a extremely thermostable 4-$\alpha$-glucanotransferase from a hyperthermophilic archaeon, Thermococcus litoralis, was cloned, sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli. The amino acid sequence of the enzyme was distantly related to other functionally-related ones, such as D-enzymes. The enzyme is of industrial interest because of a novel activity of producing cycloamylose and is also important for fundamental studies of protein, sugar-metabolizing enzymes. In this paper, the overexpression of 4-$\alpha$-glucanotransferase in E. coli was carried out expression vector system with lac and T7 promoters. The enzyme was successfully overexpressed, and purified by the heat treatment of a cell-free extract, successive Butyl-Toyopearl and Mono Q chromatographies. The purified recombinant enzyme showed the same specific activity and the same mobility in SDS-PAGE as natural enzyme.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 1972

A kind of peptide which posseses an yeaststatic activity was isolated from Astragalus membranaceus Bunge and following characteristics was obtained. 1. The isoelectric pH of this peptide was 8.2 and histidine, an alkaline amino acid, was identified from this peptide. 2. This substance showes conspicuous heat stability and does not indicate any remarkable reduction of yeaststatic activity even for 5 hours treatment at $100^{\circ}C$. or for 30 minutes at $121^{\circ}C$. 3. The inhibitory activity of the yeast growth is not originated from the yeastcidal action but yeaststatic effect of this sample. 4. The sample shows strong stability ranging from pH 2 to 10. 5. The saccharide; glucose, sucrose, maltose, gives no effect on the yeaststatic activity of the sample even high concentration, 15 percent, and also no effect gives by magnesium, calcium and phosphate salts. 6. The available concentration of this sample on the inhibition of yeast growth was located at the ppm extent, for example, the concentration of fifty percent growth inhibition to Saccharomyces cerevisiae or S. carsbergensis was 4 ppm and 3 ppm to Candida pulcherrima, 13 ppm to S. coreanus, 18 ppm to S. sake and 38 ppm to C. tropicalis. 7. On the alcohol fermentation of S. coreanus, the peptide, an yeast growth inhibitor, gives no effect at all. 8. This substance is named as Astradix-P (Astragalus membranaceus, Radix, Peptide).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.974-981
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• 2011

This study was designed to re-evaluate the dietary methionine requirement by means of the plasma methionine and ammonia concentrations in surgically modified rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. A total of 35 rainbow trout averaging $505{\pm}6.5$ g (initial body weight, mean${\pm}$SD) were randomly distributed into seven groups with five fish in each group. After 48 h of feed deprivation, each group of fish was fed one of seven L-amino acid based diets containing 0.5% cystine and graded levels of methionine (0.25, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, 0.80 or 0.95% of diet, dry matter bases) by intubation at 1% body weight on dry matter basis. Blood samples were taken at 0, 5 and 24 h after intubation. Post-prandial plasma free methionine concentrations (PPmet, 5 h after intubation) and post-absorptive plasma free methionine concentrations (PAmet, 24 h after intubation) of fish fed diets containing 0.60% or higher methionine were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of fish fed diets containing 0.50% or lower methionine. PPmet and PAmet in fish fed diets containing 0.60% or higher methionine were not significantly different except PPmet of fish fed diet containing 0.95% methionine. Post-prandial plasma ammonia concentrations (PPA, 5 h after intubation) of fish fed diets containing 0.70% or higher methionine were significantly higher than those of fish fed diets containing 0.60% or lower methionine, and PPA of fish fed diets containing 0.25 and up to 0.60% methionine were not significantly different from each other. Broken-line model analyses on PPmet, PAmet, and PPA indicated that the dietary methionine requirement of rainbow trout was between 0.59 (1.69) and 0.67 (1.91) % of diets (% dietary protein bases) when the diets contained 0.5% cystine.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.293-298
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• 2005

We examined the effects of GnRHa on expression of the gonadotropin subunit gene in the pituitary and on syn-thesis of the plasma sex steroids (testosterone and 17$\beta$-estradiol) in protandrous black porgy. Fish were injected intraperitoneally with 0.2g GnRHa/g and then both the pituitary and the plasma were sampled 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after injection. The mRNA level of the FSH subunit increased at 6 hours post-injection, while the LH mRNA levels expressed are same with or without GnRHa treatment. Also, GnRHa stimulation caused a significant increase of the plasma testosterone (T) and 17$\beta$-estradiol ($E_2$) after 24 hours. The homologies of black porgy FSH to red seabream, Pagrus majoy FSH, snakehead fish, Channa maculata FSH and striped bass, Morone saxatilis FSH were $83.3\%,\;79.2\%$ and $76.0\%$ respectively. Amino acid homology analysis using the GenBank and EMBL general searches indicated that black porgy FSH has a high homology with yellowfin seabream, Acanthopagrus latus LH ($97.7\%$ identity) and red seabream LH ($83.3\%$ identity).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.11
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• pp.1864-1871
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• 2013

The effect of additives on the quality of low salted doenjang was investigated during storage. Amylase activity gradually decreased during storage and protease activity decreased after four weeks. The number of yeast was lower in the mustard or ethanol added groups without a difference in bacterial count. The L- and b-values decreased gradually during storage with lower total color difference (${\Delta}E$) in garlic added doenjang. Gas production was reduced in the ethanol or mustard added groups. Titratable acidity and acid values were low in the ethanol and ethanol-garlic added ones. A reducing sugar content was higher in the groups with added additives. Ethanol decreased to the largest extent in mustard added doenjang. Amino-type nitrogen decreased in ethanol added doenjang, whereas ammonia-type nitrogen was low in the ethanol or mustard added groups. The taste, flavor, and overall acceptability of doenjang were significantly higher in the ethanol or garlic added groups than in the other groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.891-899
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• 2008

For the effective use of under-utilized resources, silver-stripe round herring (SSRH), the boiled-dried SSRH was investigated on the food component and sensual characterization. Moisture content and salinity of the boiled-dried SSRH were 27.2% and 7.0%, respectively, which were in the range described in Korean Industrial Standards. In the lipid content of the boiled-dried SSRH, viscera was higher in viscera than muscle. The major fatty acids of the boiled-dried SSRH were 16:0 (23.9%), 18:1n-9 (9.5%), and 22:6n-3 (DHA, 28.5%). The degree of lipid oxidation of the boiled-dried SSRH was similar to that of the boiled-dried anchovy caught in the southern sea. When compared to the boiled-dried anchovies, the boiled-dried SSRH was lower in total content of amino acid, while was higher in calcium and phosphorus contents. The boiled-dried SSRH was higher in taste strength, while was similar in the taste pattern to the boiled-dried anchovies. According to the results of chemical components and sensory evaluation, the boiled-dried SSRH could be substituted for boiled-dried anchovy classified into special grade.

• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.247-260
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• 2007

Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) is a key enzyme of phenylpropanoid pathway, which synthesizes numerous secondary metabolites to participate in development and adaption. Two C4H isoforms, the 2192-bp BnC4H-1 and 2108-bp BnC4H-2, were cloned from oilseed rape (Brassica napus). They both have two introns and a 1518-bp open reading frame encoding a 505-amino-acid polypeptide. BnC4H-1 is 57.73 kDa with an isoelectric point of 9.11, while 57.75 kDa and 9.13 for BnC4H-2. They share only 80.6% identities on nucleotide level but 96.6% identities and 98.4% positives on protein level. Showing highest homologies to Arabidopsis thaliana C4H, they possess a conserved p450 domain and all P450-featured motifs, and are identical to typical C4Hs at substrate-recognition sites and active site residues. They are most probably associated with endoplasmic reticulum by one or both of the N- and C-terminal transmembrane helices. Phosphorylation may be a necessary post-translational modification. Their secondary structures are dominated by alpha helices and random coils. Most helices locate in the central region, while extended strands mainly distribute before and after this region. Southern blot indicated about 9 or more C4H paralogs in B. napus. In hypocotyl, cotyledon, stem, flower, bud, young- and middle-stage seed, they are co-dominantly expressed. In root and old seed, BnC4H-2 is dominant over BnC4H-1, with a reverse trend in leaf and pericarp. Paralogous C4H numbers in Brassicaceae genomes and possible roles of conserved motifs in 5' UTR and the 2nd intron are discussed.