• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.247-254
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• 1990

Chicken monocular head and eye optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) were observed by coil recordings after intravitreal administration of GABA antagonists (picrotoxin and bicuculline) into the opened and closed eye. Before injection of drugs the chicken displayed an OKN for T-N stimulation being more efficient in evoking this visuomotor reflex than for N-T stimulation. The injection of GABA antagonist into the opened eye provoked a decrease or disappearance of the head and eye OKN. On the other hand, the injection of GABA antagonist into the closed eye, the head and eye OKN augmented. Thus, GABA antagonist abolished the directional asymmetry of the head and eye OKN, indicating the involvement of GABAergic mechanisms in the inhibition of the N-T component of the monocular OKN.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.158-164
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• 2014

Objective: To assess whether an early GnRH antagonist start leads to better follicular synchronization and an improved clinical pregnancy rate (CPR). Methods: A retrospective cohort study. A total of 218 infertile women who underwent IVF between January 2011 and February 2013. The initial cohort (Cohort I) that underwent IVF between January 2011 and March 2012 included a total of 68 attempted IVF cycles. Thirty-four cycles were treated with the conventional GnRH antagonist protocol, and 34 cycles with an early GnRH antagonist start protocol. The second cohort (Cohort II) that underwent IVF between June 2012 and February 2013 included a total of 150 embryo-transfer (ET) cycles. Forty-three cycles were treated with the conventional GnRH antagonist protocol, 34 cycles with the modified early GnRH antagonist start protocol using highly purified human menopause gonadotropin and an addition of GnRH agonist to the luteal phase support, and 73 cycles with the GnRH agonist long protocol. Results: The analysis of Cohort I showed that the number of mature oocytes retrieved was significantly higher in the early GnRH antagonist start cycles than in the conventional antagonist cycles (11.9 vs. 8.2, p=0.04). The analysis of Cohort II revealed higher but non-significant CPR/ET in the modified early GnRH antagonist start cycles (41.2%) than in the conventional antagonist cycles (30.2%), which was comparable to that of the GnRH agonist long protocol cycles (39.7%). Conclusion: The modified early antagonist start protocol may improve the mature oocyte yield, possibly via enhanced follicular synchronization, while resulting in superior CPR as compared to the conventional antagonist protocol, which needs to be studied further in prospective randomized controlled trials.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to determine whether neuromuscular electrical stimulation(NMES), applied over the antagonist or the agonist, would alter the H reflex. Attention was focused on the roles of stimulus location. We used normal eight subjects without neuromuscular disease which were divided into 3 groups; the subjects were diveded into group of antagonist, agonist, antagonist-agonist. All groups were meted of eight subjects. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation was administered for 15 minutes. All subjects were subjected to three tests, including a pre-test, post-test and post-20 minute test. The data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and paired t-test. The results were as follows; 1. H latencies were significantly increased in agonist and antagonist-agonist group (p<.01). 2. H/M intervals were significantly increased in agonist and antagonist-agonist group (p<.01). 3. H amplitudes were significantly increased in agonist (p<.001) and antagonist-agonist group (p<.01). 4. H/M ratios were significantly decreased in agonist and antagonist-agonist group (p<.01). In agonist group. H-reflex amplitudes and H/M ratios were more significantly decreased than antagonist group. Future studies will need to determine what influence NMES may have on the excitability of spinal motor neurons in people having UMN syndrome.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.251-254
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• 2003

The present study was designed to examine whether the co-application of morphine with $Ca^{2+}$ channel antagonist $(Mn^{2+},\;verapamil)$, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist (2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid$[AP_5]$, $Mg^{2+}$) or protein kinase C inhibitor (H-7) causes the potentiation of morphine-induced antinociceptive action by using an in vivo electrophysiological technique. A single iontophoretic application of morphine or an antagonist alone induced weak inhibition of wide dynamic range (WDR) cell responses to iontophoretically applied NMDA and C-fiber stimulation. Although there was a little difference in the potentiating effects, the antinociceptive action of morphine was potentiated when morphine was iontophoretically applied together with $Mn^{2+}$, verapamil, $AP_5$, $Mg^{2+}$ or H-7. However, the potentiating action between morphine and each antagonist was not apparent, when the antinociceptive action evoked by morphine or the antagonist alone was too strong. These results suggest that the potentiating effect can be caused by the interaction between morphine and each antagonist in the spinal dorsal horn.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation(NMES) on the alteration of spinal motor neuron excitability. In this article, I would like to experiment on a standard capacity of clinical electrophysiology, a difference in applying methods and a clinical efficiency of NMES by Nerve conduction velocity. We used normal eight subjects without neuromuscular disease and all subjects participated 3 session, which at least 1 week between session. Participants classified according to each group in Antagonist, Agonist, Antagonist-Agonist by the NMES. The test was measured continuously pre test, post-test, post 20 minute test by EMG including H reflex, F wave, motor nerve conduction velocity(MNCV). The following results were obtained; 1. H-reflex latencies and H/M intervals were significantly increased in agonist and antagonist-agonist group(p<.01). 2. H-reflex amplitudes and H/M ratios were significantly decreased in agonist and antagonist-agonist group(p<.01). In agonist group, H-reflex amplitudes and H/M ratios were more significantly decreased than antagonist group. 3. F-wave latencies were significantly increased in agonist and antagonist-agonist group(p<.01). F/M intervals were significantly increased in antagonist-agonist group(p<.01). F wave conduction velocities were significantly increased in agonist and antagonist-agonist group(p<.01) but F/M ratios were not significant. 4. MNCV were significantly decreased in agonist(p<.01). These results lead us to the conclusion that agonist and Antagonist-agonist was significantly decreased excitability of spinal motor neuron. Conversely, Antagonist does not decreased. Therefore, A further direction of this study will be to provide more evidence that NMES have an effect on excitability of spinal motor neurons in UMN syndrome.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.299-306
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• 2004

From oral literature to the online game, the narrative has been extended to be comprehensive of various temporal and meaningful facets. Antagonism between the desire and the obstacle propels the narrative story of the game and film. Essential to the concept of antagonism is the role of an antagonist with power to endanger the protagonist; the strength of that force grabs the spectator's interest. An antagonist becomes the obstacle that guards the distance between a protagonist's desire and ability to attain ti. Although an antagonist is the obstacle to overcome in a story, for ordinary people, the intense rivalry between the pro and antagonist offers an unlimited framework for the discussion of game with film narrative which create an interplay of desire and identification. In this paper, I am going to analyze the diverse aspects of the antagonist in the spectator's fantasy of the visual story such as film and multimedia.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.251-258
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• 2002

Objective : The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of the GnRH antagonist (Cetrotide) minimal stimulation protocol comparing with GnRH agonist combined long step down stimulation protocol in PCOS patients. Materials and Method: From Apr 2001 to May 2002, 22 patients (22 cycles) were performed in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation using by GnRH antagonist and GnRH agonist for PCOS patients. GnRH antagonist (Cetrotide) combined minimal stimulation protocol was administered in 10 patients (10 cycles, Study Group) and GnRH agonist long step down stimulation protocol was administered in 12 patients (12 cycles, Control Group). We compared the pregnancy rate/cycle, total FSH (A)/cycle, Retrieved oocyte/cycle, the incidence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, multiple pregnancy rate between the two groups. Student-t test were used to determine statistical significance. Statistical significance was defined as p<0.05. Results: Group of GnRH antagonist (Cetrorelix) minimal stimulation protocol produced fewer oocytes (6.4 versus 16.3 oocytes/cycle) using a lower dose of FSH (22.2 versus 36.1 Ample/cycle) and none developed OHSS and multiple pregnancy. Although the trends were in favour of the GnRH antagonist (Cetrorelix) protocol, the differences did not reach statistical significance. This was probably due to small sample size. Conclusion: The use of GnRH antagonist reduce the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation and multiple pregnancy. We suggest that GnRH antagonist might be alternative controlled ovarian hyperstimulation method, especially in PCOS patients who will be ovarian high response.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.239-244
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• 2010

Objective: The objective of this retrospective study was to compare the in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes of gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH) agonist and GnRH antagonist protocols in poor responders. Methods: A total of 172 cycles in subjects with less than 5 oocytes retrieved treated with either GnRH agonist long protocols or antagonist protocols were included. The outcome variables such as numbers of growing follicles and retrieved oocytes, and the fertilization rate were evaluated as the main outcome measures. Results: There was no difference in regard to the numbers of growing follicles and oocytes, and fertilization rate between the two groups. $E_2$ level on Day 7/8, mean gonadotropin dose, and the days of stimulation were shown to be statistically different (p<0.01, respectively). Conclusion: Considering that similar results were observed with less time and gonadotropin dose, GnRH antagonist protocol may be considered as a preferable choice over GnRH agonist protocols in poor responders.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 2007

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare GnRH antagonist and agonist flare-up treatment in the management of poor responder patients. Methods: One hundred forty-four patients from Jan. 1, 2002 to Aug. 31, 2005 undergoing IVF/ICSI treatment who responded poorly to the previous cycle (No. of oocyte retrieved$\leq$5) and had high early follicular phase follicle stimulating hormone (FSH>12 mIU/ml were selected. Seventy-five patients received agonist flare-up protocol and 71 patients received antagonist protocol. We analyzed the number of oocytes retrieved, number of good embryos (GI, GI-1), total dose of hMG administered, implantation rate, cycle cancellation rate, pregnancy rate, live birth rate. Results: The cancellation rate was high in antagonist protocol (53.5% vs. 30.1%). The number of oocyte retrieved, the number of good embyos were high in agonist flare-up group. There was no statistical difference between GnRH agonist flare up protocol and GnRH antagonist protocol in implantation rate (14.5%, 10.1%), clinical pregnancy rate per transfer (29.4%, 21.2%) and live birth rate per transfer (21.6%, 18.2%). Although the result was not statistically significant, GnRH agonist flare up group showed a nearly doubled pregnancy rate and live birth rate per initial cycle than GnRH antagonist group. Conclusions: The agonist flare-up protocol appears to be slightly more effective than the GnRH antagonist protocol in implantation rate, pregnancy rate, live birth rate but shows statistically no significance. Agonist flare-up protocol improved the ovarian response in poor responders. However, based of the result of the study, we can expect improved ovarian response in poor responders by GnRH agonist flare up protocol.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.149-157
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• 2006

Objective: This study was to investigate the clinical efficiency of clomiphene citrate/GnRH antagonist protocol comparing with the clomiphene citrate only protocol in infertile women with normal ovulatory cycles. Method: Among 116 patients, 43 were received assisted reproductive technologies using natural ovulatory cycle, 38 and 35 were received clomiphene citrate only protocol and clomiphene citrate/GnRH antagonist combined protocol, respectively, and the clinical results were compared and analyzed Results: In each group, basal levels of LH, FSH, $E_2$ and FSH, $E_2$ on hCG day injected were not different, but LH level and endometrial thickness on hCG injected day were decreased significantly and the pregnancy rate was increased significantly in clomiphene citrate/GnRH antagonist group. Conclusion: The pregnancy rate was increased significantly in clomiphene citrate/GnRH antagonist group compared with natural ovulatory cycle and clomiphene citrate only group.