• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.156-165
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• 2013

This study examined how achievement of session goals contributes to outcomes of subjects after participation in a 12-week lifestyle intervention program in men with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Thirty office workers with MetS, aged $47.2{\pm}6.6$ years, participated in this study, from March to July, 2011. The intervention program included face-to-face counseling five times during the 12-week period. Counselors and subjects designed session goals for each round. The average of the goal achievement rate was calculated based on compliance for each round. The subjects were divided into three groups according to their tertiles of achievement rate: Low-compliance group (LC, < 59%), medium-compliance group (MC, 59-70%), and high-compliance group (HC, > 70%). Anthropometry, biochemical index, and nutrient intake were examined at baseline and at the end of the 12-week intervention program. After the intervention, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) showed a significant decrease in the LC group, and waist circumference (WC) showed a significant decrease in the MC group. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), DBP, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) showed a significant decrease in the HI group. Changes in SBP and DBP were significantly lower in the HC group than in the MC group (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Changes in LDL were significantly lower in the HC group than in the MC group (p < 0.05). Results for intake of total energy, protein, fat, and sodium, as well as rates of carbohydrate and fat intake, showed a significant decrease in all participants (p < 0.05). The change in fiber was significantly higher in the HC group than in the MC group (p < 0.05). The change of fruit serving size showed a significant increase in the HC group (p < 0.01). The number of risk factors for MetS showed a significant decrease in the LC and HC groups (p < 0.05), however, no significant mean differences were observed among the three groups. In conclusion, participation in this intervention program resulted in positive effects on risk factors for MetS, nutrient intake, and dietary habits, especially in the High-compliance group.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.64 no.6
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• pp.950-956
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• 2021

Objective : Psoas and masseter muscles are known markers of sarcopenia. However, the relative superiority of either muscle as a marker is unclear. Therefore, this study analyzed the two muscles in patients with a prognosis of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods : Patients with TBI visiting a regional trauma center between January 2017 and December 2018 were selected, and their medical records were reviewed. TBI patients with an abbreviated injury score (AIS) of 4 or 5 were selected. Patients with an AIS of 4 or 5 at the chest, abdomen, and extremity were excluded. Patients with a hospital stay of 1 to 2 days were excluded. Both muscle areas were measured based on the initial computed tomography. The psoas muscle index (PMI) and the masseter muscle index (MMI) were calculated by dividing both muscle areas by height in meters squared (cm²/m²). These muscle parameters along with other medical information were used to analyze mortality and the Glasgow outcome scale (GOS). Results : A total of 179 patients, including 147 males (82.1%), were analyzed statistically. The mean patient age was 58.0 years. The mortality rate was 16.8% (30 patients). The mean GOS score was 3.7. Analysis was performed to identify the parameters associated with mortality, which was a qualitative study outcome. The psoas muscle area (16.9 vs. 14.4 cm², p=0.028) and PMI (5.9 vs. 5.1 cm²/m², p=0.004) showed statistical differences between the groups. The PMI was also statistically significant as a risk factor for mortality in logistic regression analysis (p=0.023; odds ratio, 0.715; 95% confidence interval, 0.535-0.954). Quantitative analyses were performed with the GOS scores. Bivariate correlation analysis showed a statistically significant correlation between PMI and GOS scores (correlation coefficient, 0.168; p=0.003). PMI (p=0.004, variation inflation factor 1.001) was significant in multiple regression analysis. The masseter muscle area and MMI did not show significance in the study. Conclusion : Larger PMI was associated with statistically significant improved survival and GOS scores, indicating its performance as a superior prognostic marker. Further analyses involving a larger number of patients, additional parameters, and more precise settings would yield a better understanding of sarcopenia and TBI.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.166-181
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• 2018

The aim of this review was to determine the status of acupuncture therapies in reducing obesity in obese patients and to determine the scheme and effectiveness of acupuncture therapies. Existing reports published between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2017 in Kiss, Riss, National Assembly Library, Pubmed and CINAHL databases were searched electronically with the keywords obesity, acupuncture, auricular acupuncture, and electroacupuncture. After checking the original sources of the articles, 19 articles were included in the review. In a qualitative evaluation of the papers using a checklist from the Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network, one study scored 9 out of 10 points, 15 studies scored 7-8 out of 10 points, two studies scored 6 out of 10 points, and one study scored 3 out of 10 points. In the acupuncture therapy schemes, acupoints to reduce obesity included shemen, hunger, LI-11 (Quchi), LI-4 (Hegu), St-25 (Tianshu) and St-44 (Neiting). Acupuncture therapies were conducted for an average of 16.9 total sessions. In the studies that involved 20-day or 72-day duration for acupuncture therapies, the frequency of acupuncture therapies was 1 time/1-2 days. In the studies that involved 4- to 18-week duration for acupuncture therapies, the frequency of acupuncture therapies was 1-3 times/week. This study found acupuncture therapies were effective in reducing obesity, and acupuncture therapies reduced anthropometry, blood glucose and lipids and changed blood hormones. In the future, there is an urgent need for well-planned studies of the effectiveness of acupuncture therapies for reducing obesity in obese patients.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.367-377
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• 2023

This study investigates the utility of the Triglyceride-glucose(TyG) index and Cardiometabolic Index(CMI) as predictors for diagnosing metabolic syndrome. The study involved 1970 males, 1459 females, totaling 3429 participants who underwent health checkups at P Hospital in Busan between January 2023 and June 2023. Metabolic syndrome diagnosis was based on the presence of 3 or more risk factors out of the 5 criteria outlined by the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute(AHA/NHLBI), and participants with 2 or fewer risk factors were categorized as normal. Statistical analyses included independent sample t-tests, chi-square tests, Pearson's correlation analysis, Receiver Operating Characteristic(ROC) curve analysis, and logistic regression analysis, using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences(SPSS) program. Significance was established at p<0.05. The comparison revealed that the metabolic syndrome group exhibited attributes such as advanced age, male gender, elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressures, high blood sugar, elevated triglycerides, reduced LDL-C, elevated HDL-C, higher Cardiometabolic Index, Triglyceride-glucose index, and components linked to abdominal obesity. Pearson correlation analysis showed strong positive correlations between waist circumference/height ratio, waist circumference, Cardiometabolic Index, and triglycerides. Weak positive correlations were observed between LDL-C, body mass index, and Cardiometabolic index, while a strong negative correlation was found between Cardiometabolic Index and HDL-C. ROC analysis indicated that the Cardiometabolic Index(CMI), Triglyceride-glucose(TyG) index, and waist circumference demonstrated the highest Area Under the Curve(AUC) values, indicating their efficacy in diagnosing metabolic syndrome. Optimal cut-off values were determined as >1.34, >8.86, and >84.5 for the Cardiometabolic Index, Triglyceride-glucose index, and waist circumference, respectively. Logistic regression analysis revealed significant differences for age(p=0.037), waist circumference(p<0.001), systolic blood pressure(p<0.001), triglycerides(p<0.001), LDL-C(p=0.028), fasting blood sugar(p<0.001), Cardiometabolic Index(p<0.001), and Triglyceride-glucose index (p<0.001). The odds ratios for these variables were 1.015, 1.179, 1.090, 3.03, and 69.16, respectively. In conclusion, the Cardiometabolic Index and Triglyceride-glucose index are robust predictive indicators closely associated with metabolic syndrome diagnosis, and waist circumference is identified as an excellent predictor. Integrating these variables into clinical practice holds the potential for enhancing early diagnosis and prevention of metabolic syndrome.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.93-103
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• 1997

Background : Malnutrition is a common finding in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, especially in the emphysema group. Although the mechanism of malnutrition is not confirmed, it is believed to be a relative deficiency caused by hypermetabolism due to increased energy requirements of the respiratory muscles, rather than a dietary deficiency. Malnutrition in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is not a merely coincidental finding. It is known that the nutritional status correlates with physiologic parameters including pulmonary function, muscular power, and exercise performance, and is one of the important and independent prognostic factors of the disease. Methods : Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Yongdong Severance Hospital from May, 1995 to March, 1996 and age-matched healthy control group were studied. Survey of nutritional intake, anthropometric measurements and biochemical tests were done to assess nutritional status. Relationship between nutritional status and FEV1 (forced expiratory volume at one second), which was a significant functional parameter, was assessed. Results : 1) The patient group was consisted of 25 males with mean age of 66.1years and FEV1 of $42{\pm}14%$ of predicted values. The control group was consisted of 26 healthy males with normal pulmonary function, whose mean age was 65.0 years. 2) The ratio of calorie intake/calorie requirement per day was $107{\pm}28%$ in the patient group, and $94{\pm}14%$ in the control group, showing a tendency of more nutritional intake in patient group(B=0.06). 3) There were significant differences between the patient group and control group in percent ideal body weight(92.8% vs 101.6%, p=0.024), body mass index($20.0kg/m^2$ VS $21.9kg/m^2$, p=0.015), and handgrip strength(29.0kg vs 34.3kg, p=0.003). However, there were no significant differences in triceps skinfold thickness, mid-arm muscle circumference, albumin, and total lymphocyte count between two groups. Percentage of underweight population was 40%(10/25) in the patient group, and 15%(4/26) in the control group. 4) The percent ideal body weight, triceps skinfold thickness, and mid-arm muscle circumference had significant correlation with FEV1. Conclusion : The patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease showed significant depletion in nutritional parameters such as body weight and peripheral muscle strength, while absolute amount of dietary intake was not insufficient. Nutritional parameters were well correlated with FEV1.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5254-5260
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to find the relationship between lumber Herniated Nuclesus Pulposus of specific part and fat infiltration in paraspinal muscle. Also we intended to find the relationship between Body Mass Index(BMI) and fat infiltration ratio in the lumber paraspinal muscle based on the sexes of patients. We conducted this study of patients who visited our hospital from May, 2010 to May, 2012. The subjects are composed of 40 patients(20 females and 20 males), who are 30 to 50 years old suffering from severe lumber herniated nuclesus pulposus, who had or were going to have operation treatment. BMI is measured through anthropometry of each patient and fat infiltration inside the muscle is estimated by measuring the cross section area of lumbar paraspinal muscle from mid-cross section of disc(L2-S1) and fat infiltration ratio. The data of this study are analyzed by independent t-test to figure out the difference of fat infiltration between male and female, and by paired sample T-test after getting mean and standard deviation to find the changes of fat infiltration of lumbar on each level. Also correlation analysis is done by setting age as a control variable to find the correlation between BMI and fat infiltration of the whole lumbar. As a result, we could get only the meaningful difference between the sexes on upper lumber part(L2-L3) while we couldn't find any significant difference in the rest of lumbar(L3-S1). Besides, the changes of fat infiltration ratio on each lumbar level increased rapidly from lumbar 3,4 to lumbar 4,5. We also found that there is no correlation between fat infiltration ratio of lumbar paraspinal muscle(L2-S1) and BMI.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.1501-1514
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the health condition and nutritional status in female university students in Masan. The 285 subjects aged 20.1 years (18~26 years) were assessed with a set of questionnaire composed of general information, food, smoking, drinking and exercise habits, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure measurements, 24-hour recall and food frequency questionnaire. The rates of smoking and alcohol drinking habits were 1.8% and 82.5%, respectively. All the subjects had the experience of passive smoking. The 11% of the students exercised regularly and 11.6% ate meal regularly. The average height and weight of subjects were 161.0 ㎝ and 53.9 ㎏, respectively and the BMI was calculated as 20.8${\pm}$2.6 ㎏/$m^2$:The 13.3% of subjects were underweight, while 6.7% of them were overweight. The mean value for body fat was 26.4% and subscapular and tricep skinfolds thickness were 14.2 ㎜ and 16.9 ㎜, and waist-hip ratio was 0.72. The systolic/diastolic blood pressure of the subjects was 115.9 ㎜Hg/70.9 ㎜Hg. Except protein, phosphorous, vitamin E, B_6 and C, the average intakes of energy and nutrients were below the Korea recom-mended dietary allowance (RDA). Especially, intakes of calcium, iron and zinc were the lowest, as <70% of RDA. The proportion of energy derived from carbohydrates : protein : fat was 58.0 : 15.8 : 26.2. The 10 frequently consumed food were ssalbap (47.2/mon), kimchi (35.6/mon), onion (16.8/mon), japgokbap (15.1/mon), sesame oil (14.1/mon), carbonated drink (13.3/mon), grapes (12.7/mon), ice cream (12.4/mon), milk (11.9/mon) and water-melon (10.6/mon). Results of this study could be useful for planning nutrition education programs for female university students in this area to improve their dietary habit and health status.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1399-1408
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• 2007

This study was conducted to compare health and nutritional status of 45 home-living elderly people receiving free Meals on Wheels (MOW) (13 men, 32 women) and 81 low income class elderly people receiving free congregate meals (CM) (10 men, 71 women) served in Seoul. Data were obtained from questionnaires, anthropometry and interviews for the 24-hour dietary recall methods. There were no significant differences between the two groups in age and body mass index. Education level, type of housing, family type and income of the two groups also were not significantly different. In MOW, frequencies of exercise were lower while the prevalence of stroke, respiratory disease and loneliness were higher, compared with the CM. The scores of ADL, IADL and food habit of MOW were lower than those of CM. The average daily nutritional intake of both MOW and CM were as a whole under the DRI for Koreans. Energy and macro-nutrient intakes of MOW were tended to be lower than CM (except protein intakes for female). Ca, K, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin C and folate intakes of MOW were less than 50% of DRI. Percentages of subjects consuming energy less than 75% of EER and 4 nutrients intakes less than EAR were higher in MOW (42.2%) than in CM (1.2%). Our results indicated that dietary nutritional status of MOW was very poor, especially in the case of female elderly groups. For the welfare of the home-living elderly people receiving free MOW, meal service programs should be improved in quality of diet by national supports.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.26 no.4 s.44
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• pp.628-649
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• 1993

This study was conducted to investigate the factors related to the poor school performance of the elementary school children. Two schools in Taegu, one in the affluent area and the other in the poor area, were selected and a total of 175 children whose school performance was within low 10 percentile (poor performers) and 97 children whose school performance were within high 5 percentile (good performers) in each class of 2nd, 4th and 6th grades were tested for the physical health, behavioral problem and family background. Each child had gone through a battery of tests including visual and hearing acuity, anthropometry (body weight, height, head circumference), intelligence (Kodae Stanford-Binet test), test anxiety (TAI-K), neurologic examination by a developmental pediatrician and heavy metal content (Pb, Cd, Zn) in hair by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A questionnaire was administered to the mothers for prenatal and prenatal courses of the child, family environment, child's developmental history, and child's behavioral and learning problems. Another questionnaire was administered to the teachers of the children for the child's family background, arithmatic & language abilities and behavioral problem. The poor school performance had a significant correlation with male gender, high birth order, broken home, low educational and occupational levels of parents, visual problem, high test anxiety score, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), poor physical growth (weight, height, head circumference) and low I.Q. score. The factors that had a significant correlation with the poor school performance in multiple logistic regression analysis were child's birth order (odds ratio=2.06), male gender(odds ratio=5.91), broken home(odds ratio=9.29), test anxiety score(odds ratio=1.07), ADHD (odds ratio=9.67), I.Q. score (odds ratio=0.85) and height less than Korean standard mean-1S.D.(odds ratio=11.12). The heavy metal contents in hair did not show any significant correlation with poor school performance. However the lead and cadmium contents were high in males than in females. The lead content was negatively correlated with child's grade(P<0.05) and zinc was positively correlated with grade (P<0.05). among the factors that showed a significant correlation with the poor school performance, high birth order, short stature and ADHD may be modified by a good family planning, good feeding practice for infant and child, and early detection and treatment of ADHD. Also, teacher and parents should restrain themselves from inducing excessive test anxiety by forcing the child to study and over-expecting beyond the child's intellectual capability.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.31 no.1 s.60
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• pp.49-58
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• 1998

The study was done to determine the reliability and validity of a life style questionnaire for the elderly. The questionnaires were sent to 16,524 elderly people who were beneficiaries of Korean Medical Insurance Corporation in Pusan. Among the completed 9,139 questionnaires, 200 were randomly sampled and retested. finally, 110 duplicates were collected. Weighted kappa-value and Pearson correlation coefficients were estimated to measure the reliability. Validity coefficient was estimated by using reliability coefficient. In self-self responses, reliability coefficients of the most of items were over 0.6 except some physical activity related item. Relatively high reliability was observed in smoking, alcohol related items and anthropometric items. In self-proxy responses, most of the physical activity related items were found to be less reliable than self-self responses. Smoking and alcohol related items were consistently reliable. Male showed higher validity in food related item than female. On the other hand, some of the physical activity related items and smoking and alcohol related items were less valid in male than female. With regard to bias of proxy respondents, offsprings tended to underestimate the frequency of house cleaning' and 'kitchen work' and overestimate the height of them. In conclusion, the life style questionnaire was found to be reliable in the most of items. But, some items related with physical activity were found to be somewhat less reliable. Sexual difference on the validity was identified in some items. With regard to bias of proxy respondents, offsprings tended to have bias in part of items of housework and anthropometry.