• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.283-288
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• 2013

The pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF${\alpha}$) and interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ are crucial mediators involved in chronic inflammatory diseases. Inflammatory signal pathways regulate inflammatory cytokine expression-mediated by p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38MAPK). Therefore, considerable attention has been given to p38MAPK as a target molecule for the development of a novel anti-inflammatory therapeutics. BIRB 796, one of p38MAPK inhibitor, is a candidate of therapeutic drug for chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated the effect of BIRB 796 on inflammatory cytokine productions by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in different immune cell types. BIRB 796 reduced LPS-mediated IL-8 production in THP-1 cells but not in Raw 264.7 cells. Further analysis of signal molecules by western blot revealed that BIRB 796 sufficiently suppressed LPS-mediated phosphorylation of p38MAPK in both cell types whereas it failed to block inhibitor of kappa B (I-${\kappa}B$) degradation in Raw 264.7 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the anti-inflammatory function of BIRB 796 depends on cell types.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.104-111
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• 2018

This study aims to compare and analyze a willow tree (Salix Koreensis andersson) extract's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity by investigating its: total polyphenol, flavonoid content, SOD-like activity, DPPH vitality. the willow tree was induced with LPS to determine its active anti-inflammatory effects. as a result, the willow methanol extract showed a higher total polyphenol and flavonoid content than those of willow distilled water extract, but the willow distilled water extract showed a higher SOD than that of willow methanol extract. in its DPPH scavenging ability, the willow methanol extract's antioxidant activity was higher than that of the willow distilled water extract. the willow extract's measurements such as the production of NO, inflammatory cytokine ($TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6 measurement) were significantly reduced as its concentration level went down. according to the research outcomes, when induced, he will extract's macrophage produces mediator-like substances such as NO and inflammatory cytokine that can be used to alleviate the inflammatory response. therefore, the willow tree proved to be a useful raw plant material for the products designed to combat inflammatory activities due to its natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response substances such as NO and cytokine.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.95-105
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• 2016

Objectives : Allergic diseases have a various symptoms of hyperresponsiveness and recently hyperresponsive reaction in the chronic phase is reported as the important mechanisms. Cheonggisan(CGS) is used in oriental clinics for curing various skin diseases due to effect of controlling of pruritus. There have been studies on the anti-allergic effect and anti-inflammatory effect of CGS, but there had no study of anti-allergic effects in allergic late inflammation of CGS, so we aimed to find out the effects of CGS in allergic late inflammation in our study.Methods : To investigate the anti-allergy effect and anti-inflammatory effect of CGS, RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and CSG water-extracts were used. Cytotoxic effect of CSG was examined by MTT assay, an oxidative product of NO was measured in the culture medium by the Griess reagent assay. The level of prostaglandin E2(PGE2) was measured by competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay. Cytokine(PGE2, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) was measured by Bio-Plex suspension assay system and quantitative multiplexed cytokine/chemokine assay.Results : We investigated that there was no cytotoxic effect of CGS water-extract at any levels of concentration on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells by MTT assay. CGS water-extracts significantly suppressed the levels of the inflammatory mediators such as NO and PGE2, cytokine of IL-1β, TNF-α at the level of 400 ㎍/㎖ CGS concentration. But there was no significant effect on IL-6 production suppression.Conclusions : These results suggest that CSG water-extract has and anti-inflammatory effects in allergic reaction. These properties may contribute to the allergic diseases and inflammatory related disease care.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.90-97
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• 2015

Water chestnut (Trapa japonica Flerov.) is an annual aquatic plant. In the present study, we showed that the treatment of water chestnut extracted with boiling water resulted in a significant increase 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity and decrease the intracellular $H_2O_2$-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species. In addition, water chestnut extract (WCE) inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide production and suppressed mRNA and protein expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene. The cytokine array results showed that WCE inhibited inflammatory cytokine secretion. Also, WCE reduced tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$- and interleukin-6-induced nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ activity. Furthermore, during sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)-induced irritation of human skin, WCE reduced SLS-induced skin erythema and improved barrier regeneration. These results indicate that WCE may be a promising topical anti-inflammatory agent.

• 셀메드
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.7.1-7.6
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• 2023

Raphanus sativus L. has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activity. However, the anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of action of the Raphanus sativus L. seeds (RSS) with or without oil are still unknown. This study was undertaken to investigate the in-vitro anti-inflammatory effect with or without oil in the RSS on RAW 264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results showed the suppressed LPS-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), inflammatory cytokine (IL-6, TNF-α). Additionally, a decrease in protein expression of iNOS was observed, but nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 was not inhibited. To elucidate the underlying mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of RSS, the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways was examined. We also found that RSS blocked LPS-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK) signaling but did not affect the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. These results suggest that RSS may have potential as an anti-inflammatory agent through the inhibition of LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production via regulation of the JNK pathway.

• BMB Reports
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• 제53권12호
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• pp.640-645
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• 2020

Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) exhibit diverse anti-inflammatory effects. Since ROS acts as a critical mediator of inflammation, we have investigated the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of SOCS via ROS regulation in monocytic/macrophagic cells. Using PMA-differentiated monocytic cell lines and primary BMDMs transduced with SOCS1 or shSOCS1, the LPS/TLR4-induced inflammatory signaling was investigated by analyzing the levels of intracellular ROS, antioxidant factors, inflammasome activation, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The levels of LPS-induced ROS and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines were notably down-regulated by SOCS1 and up-regulated by shSOCS1 in an NAC-sensitive manner. SOCS1 up-regulated an ROS-scavenging protein, thioredoxin, via enhanced expression and binding of NRF-2 to the thioredoxin promoter. SOCS3 exhibited similar effects on NRF-2/thioredoxin induction, and ROS downregulation, resulting in the suppression of inflammatory cytokines. Notably thioredoxin ablation promoted NLRP3 inflammasome activation and restored the SOCS1-mediated inhibition of ROS and cytokine synthesis induced by LPS. The results demonstrate that the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in macrophages are mediated via NRF-2-mediated thioredoxin upregulation resulting in the downregulation of ROS signal. Thus, our study supports the anti-oxidant role of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in the exquisite regulation of macrophage activation under oxidative stress.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.448-461
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• 2013

크론병과 궤양성 대장염으로 잘 알려져 있는 염증성 장질환은 재발과 호전을 반복하는 만성적인 염증 및 이에 따른 합병증을 특징으로 하는 원인 불명의 질환이다. 염증성 장질환의 발생 원인은 아직 명확히 알려져 있지 않지만 흡연이나 식이와 같은 환경적 요인, 장내 세균총과 같은 미생물학적 요인, 면역 매개에 의한 조직 손상과 같은 면역학적 요인 그리고 유전학적 요인 등이 복합적으로 발생기전에 관여 할 것이라고 추정한다. 특히 사이토카인과 같은 염증매개물질에 의해 세포매개염증반응의 일련의 과정이 유발 혹은 증폭되거나, 면역 조절 기능의 면화로 장 점막의 국소적 조직 손상을 유발하게 되며 면역 및 염증 반응이 적절하게 감소되지 않고 지속되어 만성 염증에 이르게 된다. 최근 이러한 염증반응에 중요한 역할을 담당하는 사이토카인 유전자에 관심이 몰리고 있다. 사이토카인은 활성화된 면역세포에서 주로 생성되는 당단백으로서 분자량이 8~10 kD 정도이며, 면역 반응시 T세포, B세포, 대식세포 등의 면역세포 상호간에 활성화, 증식 및 분화 등에 관계하여 국소적 조직 손상 및 염증반응을 일으킨다. 반면에 장의 구조와 기능에 있어 중요한 기질인 식이 섬유소에서 유래되는 Butyrate는 친염증성 사이토카인을 감소시키고 항염증성 사이토카인을 증가시킴으로써 장관 면역계에 대한 조절기능을 보이고 있다. 따라서 본 총설에서는 Butyrate의 항염증 효과에 대한 분자적 기작을 면역세포에서 Butyrate가 가지는 사이토카인 조절 능력을 통해 이해하고 Butyrate가 염증성 장질환에 대해 새로운 치료 전략을 제시 해 줄 것으로 기대한다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.176-182
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• 2016

대식세포에서 염증반응이 진행되면, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) 등의 cytokine들이 발현되어 inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), prostaglandin E2(PGE2) 등의 염증유발인자가 생성된다. 오가피, 우슬, 두충 각각의 추출물이 어느 정도의 항 염증 효능을 보이며 어떤 pro-inflammatory cytokine의 발현을 억제하는지에 대한 연구를 진행하였다. 오가피, 우슬, 두충은 물 추출하고 동결 건조시켰다. 각각의 추출물의 구성 성분들이 잘 추출되었는지 확인하기 위하여 지표물질인 acanthoside D, 20-hydroxyecdysone, pinoresinol diglucoside를 HPLC로 분석하였다. 항 염증 효능을 확인하기 위하여 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)로 RAW 264.7 세포주를 자극하여 염증 반응을 일으킨 상태에서 각각의 추출물을 농도 별로 처리하고 NO assay를 통해 항 염증 효능을 확인하였으며 real time PCR로 pro-inflammatory cytokine들의 발현량을 측정하였다. 결과적으로 각각의 추출물은 지표성분들이 검출되었으며 오가피와 우슬이 두충보다 NO assay에서 높은 활성을 보였다. Cytokine 발현량 측정에서는 오가피와 우슬은 iNOS와 IL-6의 발현을 억제하였고, 우슬은 TNF-${\alpha}$의 발현을 억제하였다. 우리나라는 전통적으로 약재를 조합하여 처방하여 왔다. 본 연구는 관절염에 전통적으로 사용해 오던 약재들이 어떤 기전에 의하여 항 염증 반응을 보이는지 확인하고 이들을 조합하여 사용하였을 때 어떤 근거에 의하여 시너지 효능을 보이는지 확인하였다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.202-210
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• 2018

Abeliophyllum distichum is a medicinal plant used in regional traditional medicine to relieve pain in inflammatory processes. In this study, anti-inflammatory effects of Abeliophyllum distichum flower (ADF) extract were examined. Furthermore, possible molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effects were dissected. The anti-inflammatory activity was investigated by inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in murine macrophage-like cell line Raw264.7 cells. The measurement of the induced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were carried out by ELISA. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and MAPK, and the nuclear expression of nuclear factor NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 were investigated by Western blot analysis. The extract of ADF significantly decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, the extract suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK, and the nuclear translocation of NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 in activated cells. Our findings provide evidence for the popular use of Abeliophylli distichum in inflammation around Goesan region and also suggest that the flower extract has potential therapeutic benefits against various inflammatory diseases.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.27-39
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• 2023

Extensive research supported the therapeutic potential of curcumin, a naturally occurring compound, as a promising cytokine-suppressive anti-inflammatory drug. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic anti-inflammatory and anti-cytokine activities by combining 6-shogaol and 10-shogaol to curcumin, and associated mechanisms in modulating lipopolysaccharides and interferon-γ-induced proinflammatory signaling pathways. Our results showed that the combination of 6-shogaol-10-shogaolcurcumin synergistically reduced the production of nitric oxide, inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor and interlukin-6 in lipopolysaccharides and interferon-γ-induced RAW 264.7 and THP-1 cells assessed by the combination index model. 6-shogaol-10-shogaol-curcumin also showed greater inhibition of cytokine profiling compared to that of 6-shogaol-10-shogaol or curcumin alone. The synergistic anti-inflammatory activity was associated with supressed NFκB translocation and downregulated TLR4-TRAF6-MAPK signaling pathway. In addition, SC also inhibited microRNA-155 expression which may be relevant to the inhibited NFκB translocation. Although 6-shogaol-10-shogaol-curcumin synergistically increased Nrf2 activity, the anti-inflammatory mechanism appeared to be independent from the induction of Nrf2. 6-shogaol-10-shogaol-curcumin provides a more potent therapeutic agent than curcumin alone in synergistically inhibiting lipopolysaccharides and interferon-γ induced proinflammatory mediators and cytokine array in macrophages. The action was mediated by the downregulation of TLR4/TRAF6/MAPK pathway and NFκB translocation.