• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.259-269
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• 2013

In this work, licorice extracts were prepared using various extraction conditions such as extraction solvent, temperature, and time from Glycyrrhiza uralensis (G. uralensis) produced in Korea and China and Glycyrrhiza glabra (G. glabra) in Uzbekistan. The optimum extraction condition was selected from the extraction yields and antioxidative activities of extracts. Korea licorice extracts showed the highest free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) scavenging activity (46.05%) under the extraction condition of 85% ethanol at $60^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours. The prominent ROS (reactive oxygen species) scavenging activity using luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay and the cellular protective effect against $^1O_2$ induced cellular membrane damage were also shown from the extracts obtained from the same condition. Especially, Korea G. uralensis extracts exhibited the higher prominent protective effect (${\tau}_{50}$ = 116.4 min) than (+)-(+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol (${\tau}_{50}$ = 28.5 min) and the extraction yield of Korea licorice extract was 18.75%, which is 1.2 times and 2.5 times higher than that of Uzbekistan and China, respectively. These results indicate that the extraction condition of 85% ethanol at $60^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours is optimal to prepare licorice extracts, which can be applicable as anti-oxidative cosmetic materials.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.83-92
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• 2008

In this study, the antioxidative effects, inhibitory effects on tyrosinase and elastase and components of Fagopyrum esculetum extracts were investigated. Fagopyrum esculetum used for this study is hulls and dehulled seeds. The free radical(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, DPPH) scavenging activities($FSC_{50}$) and reactive oxygen species(ROS) scavenging activities($OSC_{50}$) of extract/fractions from Fagopyrum esculetum were measured. The aglycone($3.5{\pm}0.0{\mu}g/mL$) and ethyl acetate fractions($0.2{\pm}0.1{\mu}g/mL$) of hulls showed the most effective scavenging activities. The protective effects on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the most prominent cellular protective effect(${\tau}_{50},\;771.7{\pm}9.9 min$ at 10 ${\mu}g/mL$). The inhibitory effect of aglycone fraction of hull and dehulled seeds on tyrosinase were examined ($53.6{\pm}0.5{\mu}g/mL,\;35.6{\pm}0.4{\mu}g/mL$, respectively). And The inhibitory effect of aglycone fraction of hull and dehulled seeds on elastase were investigated($3.7{\pm}0.4{\mu}g/mL\;and\;6.0{\pm}0.7{\mu}g/mL$ respectively). But 50% ethanol extract rarely exhibited the inhibitory activity on tyrosinase and elastase. (+)-Catechin and (-)-epicatechin were contained in ethyl acetate fraction of dehulled seeds. And ethyl acetate fraction of hull contains flavonoids of hyperin, quercetin, rutin and so on. These results indicate that extract/fractions of Fagopyrum esculentum can function as antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by scavenging $^1O_2$ and other ROS, and protect cellular membranes against ROS. Fagopyrum esculentum extract could be used as a new cosmeceutical for whitening and anti-wrinkle products.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.381-391
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• 1993

To evaluate the antioxidizing effect of flavonoid on fish oil and peroxidized fish oil, rats were fed with diets containing 5% corn oil (CO), 5% corn oil and 15% fresh fish oil (FO) or peroxidixed fish oil (PFO) for 4weeks. An half of FO and PFO group rats were injected with 10mg flavonoid (+)-catechin (a day per kg body weight) (FO-C and PFO-C). FO and FO-C group rats showed higher increase in body weight as compared to PFO, PFO-C group rats. Whereas, the opposite result was obtained in case of liver weight increase. In addition, catechin apparently reduced liver weight by 12~17%. Phospholipid, cholesterol, triglyceride and lipid peroxide content in serum and cholesterol, lipid peroxide content in liver and adipose tissue of PFO, PFO-C group rats were significantly higher than those of FO, FO-C one. These results suggested that catechin reduced the synthesis of lipid and protected effectively against lipid peroxidation. In fatty acids profile of neutral lipid and phospholipid, the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) versus saturated fatty acids (SFA) in PFO, PFO-C were lower than that of FO or FO-C because of ruduced PUFA. Contrary to our expectation, the enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in rat liver of FO and FO-C group were lower than those of PFO and PFO-C group. These results were quite interesting and might be explained in terms of homeostasis. In case of total lipid in liver, $C_{20:5}$, $C_{22:6}$ fatty acids were decreased in rat fed peroxidized fish oil. In conclusion, catechin was considered to be an antioxidative and hepatoprotective drug and hypolipidemic agent.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.432-441
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• 2016

Machaerium cuspidatum, a canopy liana, is a species of genus legume in the Fabaceae family and contributes to the total species richness in the tropical rain forests. In the present study, we investigated the antioxidative and anti-cancer effects of M. cuspidatum and its mode of action. The methanol extract of M. cuspidatum (MEMC) exhibited anti-oxidative activity with an $IC_{50}$ value of $1.66{\mu}g/ml$, and this was attributable to its 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity. MEMC also exhibited a cytotoxic effect and induced morphological changes in a dose-dependent manner in several cancer cell lines including human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells, and human colon carcinoma HT29 cells. Moreover, MEMC treatment induced the accumulation of subG1 population, which is indicative of apoptosis in A549 and HepG2 cells. MEMC-induced apoptosis was confirmed by the increase in Annexin V-positive apoptotic cells and apoptotic bodies using Annexin-V staining and DAPI staining, respectively. Further investigation showed that MEMC-induced apoptosis was associated with the increase in p53 and Bax expression, and the decrease in Bcl-2 expression. In addition, MEMC treatment led to proteolytic activation of caspase-3, 8, and 9 and degradation of poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP). Taken together, these results suggest that MEMC may exert a beneficial anti-cancer effect by inducing apoptosis via both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways in A549 and HepG2 cells.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.399-405
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of sakso 2 corn kernels and cobs extracts on antioxidant activity in rats fed a high fat-cholesterol diet (HFC) for 2 weeks. 48 male Sprague-Dawley (4-weeks-old) were randomly divided into 6 groups: normal diet (N), HFC (C), HFC and 0.05% kernel extracts of Saekso 2 (T1), HFC and 0.25% kernel extracts of Saekso 2 (T2), HFC and 0.05% cob extracts of Saekso 2 (T3), HFC and 0.25% cob extracts of Saekso 2 (T4). The weight gain in all treatment groups were significantly lower and the food efficiency ratio (FER) in all treatment groups except T3 were lower than C group. Liver index (liver weight/100 g body weight) in N group and T2 were significantly lower than C group. The level of total cholesterol in plasma of N group and T2 were significantly lower than C group and HDL-cholesterol in plasma of N group and T2 were significantly lower than C group. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in N group, T3 and T4 were significantly lower than C group. Activity of catalase (CAT) in all treatment groups were lower than C group. These result suggest that saekso 2 corn kernels and cobs extracts may reduce oxidative damage through the activation of antioxidative defense systems in rats fed high fat-cholesterol diets.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.287-292
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• 2009

Human skin is constantly exposed to environmental irritants such as smoke, chemicals and ultraviolet (UV). Free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by these environmental irritants play critical roles in cellular damage. In this study, to investigate the skin cell protective effect of Ophioglossum vulgatum extract, we investigated its effects on intercellular antioxidative activity and UVA-induced MMP expression in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). The dried O. vulgatum was extracted in a mixture of ethanol and water (1 : 1) for 24 h at room temperature. The extract was filtered and concentrated in vacuo and lyophilized. For testing intracellular ROS scavenging activity the cultured HDFs were analyzed by increase in DCF fluorescence upon exposure to UVB $20\;mJ/cm^2$. After treatment of O. vulgatum extracts, intracellular ROS levels were measured by luminescence spectrophotometer. Enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA), and RT-PCR techniques were used for evaluating the effects of O. vulgatumon on MMP protein and mRNA expression in UVA irradiated HDFs. O. vulgatum extract was found to have ROS scavenging activity with the $IC_{50}$ values of $18.2\;{\mu}g/mL$ against superoxide radicals in the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system. After treatment of O. vulgatum extracts, the oxidation of CM-DCFDA was inhibited effectively and O. vulgatum extracts showed a potent free radical scavenging activity by 30.4 % at $100\;{\mu}g/mL$ in UVB-irradiated HDFs. UVA induced MMP protein expression was reduced 37.7 % by treatment with O. vulgatum extract, and MMP-1 mRNA expression was reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results suggest that O. vulgatum extract prevents the skin cell damage induced by UV irradiation, and implies that O. vulgatum extract may be useful as a new ingredient for anti-aging cosmetics.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.452-460
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the physiological activities of Houttuynia cordata extracts and fractions. H. cordata extracts were extracted with 50% ethanol and the ethyl acetate fractions were obtained from the extracts. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the ethyl acetate fraction for S. aureus and B. subtilis were $78{\mu}g/mL$ and $312{\mu}g/mL$, respectively, indicating the high activity against gram-positive bacteria. The free radical scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}$) for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was higher in the ethyl acetate fraction with $12.00{\mu}g/mL$ compared to that of $27.15{\mu}g/mL$ for 50% ethanol extract. The total antioxidant activity ($OSC_{50}$) values for reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ system by a luminol-dependent chemiluminescence method were 2.91 and $0.983{\mu}g/ml$ for the 50% ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction, respectively. To investigate cellular protective effects on the HaCaT cell, the intracellular ROS scavenging activity was measured after UVB irradiation and the ethyl acetate fraction of H. cordata showed the activity in a concentration-dependent from $1.6{\mu}g/mL$ and a reduction rate of 54.3% at a maximum concentration of $12.5{\mu}g/mL$. Also, HaCaT cell protective effect against $H_2O_2$-mediated decreased the cell viability of the ethyl acetate fraction of H. cordata which significantly increased the cell viability from $0.8{\mu}g/mL$ and the maximum cell viability showed 86.9%. The ethyl acetate fraction of the H. cordata extracts was analyzed by TLC and HPLC. As a result, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, hyperoside, chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, rutin and afzelin were identified. From the above results, it was suggested that the extracts and fractions of H. cordata have a potential to be applied in the field of cosmetics as a natural antioxidant/preservative capable of protecting the cell membrane from the oxidative stress by eliminating ROS and exhibiting the antimicrobial effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.812-818
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• 2016

Protective effects of fermented Curcuma longa L. (CL) against alcoholic liver damage were investigated in HepG2/2E1 cells. Fermented CL was extracted by cold water (FCC), hot water, 80% ethanol, and methanol. Of the four extracts, the strongest hepatoprotective effect against ethanol-induced oxidative stress was observed in FCC. Pretreatment with FCC also reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species formation compared to ethanol-alone treated cells. FCC also enhanced catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, and non-enzymatic antioxidative activities such as glutathione compared to alcohol-treated HepG2/2E1 cells. Our findings suggest that FCC might be considered as a useful agent in the prevention of liver damage induced by oxidative stress by increasing the antioxidant defense mechanism.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.297-303
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• 2008

Naringin, major citrus flavonoids, has been identified to exert antioxidative, antidiabetic, and lipid lowering effects. In this study, we examined the effect of 0.2 g/kg, 0.5 g/kg naringin supplementation for 3 times/week for 5 weeks on lipid metabolism and antithrombotic capacity in rat. Eighteen five week-old Sprague Dawley(SD) female rats, which had initial body weights of $246{\pm}9g$, were randomly divided into three groups: Control (non naringin group); Low (0.2 g/kg naringin-supplemented group); High (0.5 g/kg naringin-supplemented group). Three groups of rats were supplemented with three experimental diets for 5 weeks and we investigated antithrombotic capacity before sacrifice. Naringin did not significantly alter the body weight gain, relative organ weight. However, the level of serum triglyceride, serum free fatty acid, serum total lipid and serum glucose levels were significantly lowered compared to those of control. The high group (0.5 g/kg naringin-supplemented group) was showed significantly increased bleeding time compared to control group. These results suggest that naringin supplemental diets reduces the level of hypertension, glycosuria and fatness on the female SD rats, when orally administered below the dosage 0.5 g/kg for 5 weeks.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.727-738
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of feeding levels and periods of Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) on the quality of M. longissimus from gilts (Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc) at finishing stage. The gilts were fed diets containing 0 (control), 2 and 4% RVS for 5 weeks (the latter feeding periods) and 8 weeks (the first feeding periods+the latter feeding periods) before slaughtering, respectively. Samples were stored at 3±0.2℃ for 8 days. Crude fat content was decreased by feeding diets of 4% RVS (p<0.05). Water-holding capacity (WHC) was higher in RVS treatments than in control during storage (p<0.05). L*(Lightness) value was higher in 5 weeks-RVS treatment than in control during storage (p<0.05). a*(Redness) and b*(yellowness) were not affected by the levels and periods of RVS supplementation. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value was lower in RVS treatment than in control (p<0.05), and the 5 weeks with 4% RVS treatment showed the highest antioxidative activity. Fatty acid compositions of pork were changed by RVS feeding levels and periods. The meat supplemented with RVS showed high levels of unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) composition and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)/saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio compared with control. The dietary 8 weeks-RVS treatments had lower stearic acid(18:0) and higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents than in other treatments. Melting point of backfat also decreased by increasing the level and period of RVS supplementation (p<0.05). Therefore, RVS fed pork decreased fat content and melting point, increased WHC and UFA composition, and delayed lipid oxidation during storage.