• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.353-358
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• 1999

We produced the apple vinegar with only apple fruits, no adding sugar and others through two stages fermentation(alcohol fermentation and acetic acid fermentation). At the first stage, apple wine contained 5% alcohol was produced at the 5th day. And through the second stage, acetic acid fer mentation, apple vinegars of which total acidity is 5.88% were produced. In comparision with com mercial vinegars for physicochemical quality, it was the lowest in total acidity. But contents of oxalic, tartaric, malic, citric, succinic acid in it were higher than other vinegars. Especially the content of malic acid in it was higher 5 times than other vinegars. Malic acid was known that it was abundant in apple fruits. Also the contents of free amino acids were distinctly high such as 21.97mg% in two stages fermented apple vingars. Potassium content in it was higher 4 times than other vinegars. So it was supposed that two stages fermented vinegar had much higher quality than commercial vinegars.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.139-143
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• 1981

In order to investigate the changes of organic acid contents during the process of apple vinegar, this experiment was conducted by innoculating apple juice with Sarcharomyces cerevisae, and then the apple vinegar were prepared with Acetobacter. aceti and its mutants obtained by the treatment of ultraviolet light and N-methyl-N-nitro-N'-nitrosoguanidine. The organic acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. The contents of malic acid, citric acid and acetic acid in apple juice were 0.73 %, 0.038 % and 0.067%, malic acid, lactic acid and acetic acid in the apple wine 0.114%, 0.10%, and 0.03%, while acetic acid and malic acid in apple vinegar, 4.3 %, and about 0.05 %, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.460-465
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• 2001

To prepare vinegar using concentration apple juice, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize and monitor the vinegar fermentation properties by two stage fermentation. In the first stage, the optimum conditions for maximum alcohol contents were 18.56。Brix of initial sugar concentration, 61.96 rpm of agitation rate and 67.32 hr of fermentation time. The optimum condition for maximum acidity in the second stage (vinegar fermentation) were 201.53 rpm of agitation rate and 179.42 hr of fermentation time. Malic acid content was the highest and its content little changed during acetic acid fermentation. Lactic acid content increased a little during alcohol fermentation. Acetic acid content apparently increased during acetic acid fermentation.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.75-86
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• 1994

The study was conducted to research the desirable method for fermentation of acidic apple beverage in the farmhouse. Step by step fermentation(SSF), complex fermentation after crushing of the fruit(CCF), complex fermentation after slicing of the fruit(SCF) and natural fermentation added yeast only after slicing of the fruit(SYNF) were compared. The brief fermentor for using stationary complex fermentation in the farmhouse was made in this experiment. The ability of acid production, flavor, taste and color were measured by sensory evaluation and mechanical methods. The quality of vinegar by SYNF and SCF were estimated by color, flavor, content, composition of sugar, and organic acids, and which was a suitable fermentation method for the farmhouse. The strains of acetobacter, SYNF-1 and 2 were isolated from the SYNF vinegar, and if has been shown that the SYNF-1 was a main strain in this study.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.153-159
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• 2000

The effect of boiling with apple vinegar and citric acid on the dissolution of Ca, Mg, and P out of pork rib bone during stew preparation was investigated. As the concentration (0, 1, 2. 4%) of apple vinegar and citric acid increased, the amount of Ca, Mg, and P dissolved out of the rib bone increased compared with the control. The increase in boiling time(3, 6, 9, 12 hour) also showed the same result. Between the two acid condiments citric acid extracted more Ca, Mg, and P than the apple vinegar at the same concentration. The pH of the pork rib bone stew added with the acid condiments increased gradually during the boiling process. Between the two acid condiments the apple vinegar extracted more amino acids and protein than citric acid at the same concentration.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.24-28
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• 2000

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ultrafiltration (UF) process variables on permeate flux and membrane resistance and to clarify apple vinegar for quality improvement. Apple vinegar was clarified in a laboratory ultrafiltration system with hollow fiber membrane made of polysulfone and MWCO 30,000 and 10,000. The permeate flux increased with the increase of flow rate and the optimum pressure was $1.5\;kgf/cm^2$ in this system. The turbidity of clarified apple vinegar treated UF largely decreased. pH and acidity of treated samples showed the same level as those of untreated apple vinegar. The permeate flux continuously declined while the fouling material accumulated on the membrane as the operation time increased. Resistance decreased with lower pressure, which could be explained by expansion of pore size at lower pressure and minor compaction of the polarized layer at lower pressure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.877-883
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• 2014

This study investigated the manufacturing conditions of apple vinegar with high acetic acid content following fermentation according to alcohol concentration without any nutrients. We compared and analyzed the quality characteristics of high acetic acid fermentation by varying the initial alcohol content (6%, 7%, 8%, and 9%). In the results, it was possible to manufacture high acetic acid vinegar with 12% titratable acidity and an alcohol content of 6% and 7%. Lower initial alcohol content was associated with higher yield due to a shorter lag phase. For quality characteristics of the high acetic acid apple vinegar, pH was 2.91~3.20, titratable acidity was 12.0%, and organic acid consisted of acetic acid, malic acid, critic acid and oxalic acids. Based on the results, high acetic acid apple vinegar was produced using a two stage fermentation process after alcohol fermentation but the further research is needed to reduce the time of fermentation in fed-batch culture for industrial use.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.100-106
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• 2021

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study is to compare the antibacterial activity of currently purchasable denture cleansers against Candida albicans. Materials and methods: This study used tablet-type denture cleansers, PolidentⓇ, CoolingdentⓇ and FittydentⓇ, along with liquid denture cleansers, HexamedineⓇ, ListerineⓇ and Apple vinegarⓇ. The antibacterial activities of denture cleansers were evaluated based on the number of C. albicans and concentrations of the denture cleansers. Results. In the 0.5 × 106 cfu/㎖ culture medium, the C. albicans' death rate of PolidentⓇ was significantly lower than those of FittydentⓇ, HexamedineⓇ, ListerineⓇ, and Apple vinegarⓇ(P<.05). In the 0.5 × 107 cfu/, the C. albicans' death rates of PolidentⓇ and CoolingdentⓇ were significantly lower than those of FittydentⓇ, HexamedineⓇ, ListerineⓇ and Apple vinegarⓇ(P<.05). The C. albicans' death rates of PolidentⓇ and CoolingdentⓇ were significantly decreased at 0.02 g and 0.01 g. The C. albicans' death rate of FittydentⓇ was significantly decreased at 0.005 g (P<.05). The C. albicans' death rate of HexamedineⓇ was significantly decreased at 1/16 dilution. The C. albicans' death rate of ListerineⓇ was decreased at 1/8 dilution, and the antibacterial activity of Apple vinegarⓇ was decreased at 1/4 dilution (P<.05). Conclusion. As the number of C. albicans increased, the antibacterial activities of the denture cleansers decrease. In the tablet-type denture cleanser, all denture cleansers showed 100% C. albicans' death rate when used at a dose of 1 tablet. One denture cleanser showed the same antibacterial effect with only 1/3 of a tablet. In the liquid type denture cleanser, the level of dilution required was different for each denture cleanser.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.34-38
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• 2011

Vinegar is a very popular ingredient used in many cuisines. It is also known for its beneficial health, beauty and possible weight-loss properties. The authors report on a patient who presented to the emergency department with unstable vital signs complaining of generalized abdominal pain after ingestion of 450 ml of apple cider vinegar. We documented a case of corrosive gastrointestinal injury with persistent metabolic acidosis occurring after ingesting apple cider vinegar with an acetic acid concentration of 12~14%. Toxic damage to the liver and kidney were also observed, peaking on post-ingestion day 3. The patient received supportive care and hemoperfusion for three days without much clinical improvement and died in the seventh day of intensive care due to disseminated intravascular coagulation and multi organ failure. Edible vinegar, when taken in large amounts, is capable of inducing corrosive injuries of the GI tract as well as severe systemic toxicities, such as metabolic acidosis. Safety precautions regarding vinegar deserve more public attention and clinicians also should be astute enough to recognize the potential damage accompanying vinegar ingestion.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.411-417
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• 2002

Effect of temperature(room temperature and boiling) and content of citrus peel(0.1∼6.0%) on the extractable hesperidin and naringin in the vinegars(apple, brown rice and persimmons) and also, dietary effect in hyperpiesia rats on blood pressure, biochemical changes were investigated. Extractable amounts of hesperidin and naringin in persimmons and brown rice vinegar were higher than those of apple vinegar in the both extraction of room temperature and boiling. Hesperidin and naringin contents showed highest in the one day extraction at room temperature when citrus peel was below 1% but, 3∼5 days extraction was optimum when the peel was above 2%. Hesperidin and naringin contents showed maximum at 2 hours extraction in case of boiling. Neutral lipids, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in blood, and blood pressure(reduction of 10.7∼33.2 mmHg) of the hyperpiesia rats took in 0.5% apple vinegar with 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% citrus peel powder for 4 weeks were lower or reduced than those of control groups. But HDL cholesterol was higher than that of control groups.