• Title/Summary/Keyword: benzoic acid

Search Result 392, Processing Time 0.038 seconds

Survey of Preservatives and UV Filter Ingredients of Distributed Sunblock Products in Korea (국내 유통 자외선 차단 기능성화장품 중 살균보존제 및 자외선차단성분 사용실태조사)

  • Park, Jeong Hee;Kim, Jong Pil;Kim, Jin A;Seo, Kye Won;Kim, Eun Sun;Seo, Jumg Mi
    • Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
    • /
    • v.43 no.4
    • /
    • pp.381-390
    • /
    • 2017
  • This study was conducted to determine 16 preservatives and 18 UV filter ingredients levels in 100 sunblock products. The order of detection rates of preservatives was phenoxyethanol (n=61), benzoic acid (n=19), methyl paraben (n=11), benzyl alcohol (n=8), propyl paraben (n=7). Also the order of detection rates of UV filter ingredients was titanium dioxide (n=81), ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (n=69), zinc oxide (n=48), ethylhexyl salicylate (n=48), bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyltriazine (n=44). The content of the detected preservatives and UV filter ingredients was within maximum allowed amount established by KFDA. In addition, preservatives and UV filter ingredients, which were not labeled in the products, were detected in 31 and 2 products respectively.

Determination of Preservatives in Raw Materials of Functional Foods by HPLC-PDA and GC-FID (HPLC 및 GC를 이용한 건강기능식품 원료 중 보존료 함유량 조사)

  • Kim, Jung-Bok;Kim, Myung-Chul;Song, Sung-Woan;Shin, Jae-Wook
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
    • /
    • v.46 no.3
    • /
    • pp.358-367
    • /
    • 2017
  • Preservatives, as food additives, are occasionally intrinsic to natural raw materials or sometimes generated during the fermentation process as reported in many research articles. Preservative compounds in raw food materials may persist in the final food product, which is not supposed to include such preservative compounds. In this study, we validated an analytical method for preservative compounds in raw materials of functional foods. Quantification of benzoic acid and sorbic acid was determined using HPLC-PDA analysis after distillation, whereas propionic acid was quantified with GC-FID. A significant set of validation data (accuracy, precision, linearity, recovery, etc) was acquired. A total of 212 samples were collected for analysis of naturally occurred preservatives, and preservatives were detected in 85 samples. Most of the detected samples showed less 10 mg/kg of preservatives. The results of this study provide fundamental data on naturally occurring preservatives in raw materials of functional foods. Moreover, building up a database of naturally occurring preservatives could solve problems in the current scientific data.

Establishment of the Room Acoustic Criteria for the Korean Traditional Music Halls Using Subjective Listening Tests (청감실험에 의한 국악당의 음향설계조건 설정)

  • Haan, Chan-Hoon;Shin, Jic-Su
    • The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
    • /
    • v.26 no.7
    • /
    • pp.343-352
    • /
    • 2007
  • The present study aims to investigate the design standard for acoustic criteria of Korean traditional music which could be used for the design of Korean traditional music halls. In order to do this, subjective listening tests were undertaken to musicians using auralized sounds which were convolved with the impulse response of traditional instruments recorded in an anechoic chamber. 94 pairs of sound were made which have different value of acoustic parameters including RT, BR, Brilliance, G, C80, ITDG, IACC. A paired comparison method(PCM) was used to analyze the results from the subjective listening tests. The results show that the preference of acoustic criteria for the Korean traditional music is far different from those of western music. As a result, specific range of acoustic criteria were suggested for the appropriate acoustic conditions of Korean traditional music. Also, a guideline of the acoustic design of halls for performing the Korean traditional music was suggested which could be used as a basic reference in the future works.

Sesquiterpenoids Bioconversion Analysis by Wood Rot Fungi

  • Lee, Su-Yeon;Ryu, Sun-Hwa;Choi, In-Gyu;Kim, Myungkil
    • 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
    • /
    • 2016.05a
    • /
    • pp.19-20
    • /
    • 2016
  • Sesquiterpenoids are defined as $C_{15}$ compounds derived from farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), and their complex structures are found in the tissue of many diverse plants (Degenhardt et al. 2009). FPP's long chain length and additional double bond enables its conversion to a huge range of mono-, di-, and tri-cyclic structures. A number of cyclic sesquiterpenes with alcohol, aldehyde, and ketone derivatives have key biological and medicinal properties (Fraga 1999). Fungi, such as the wood-rotting Polyporus brumalis, are excellent sources of pharmaceutically interesting natural products such as sesquiterpenoids. In this study, we investigated the biosynthesis of P. brumalis sesquiterpenoids on modified medium. Fungal suspensions of 11 white rot species were inoculated in modified medium containing $C_6H_{12}O_6$, $C_4H_{12}N_2O_6$, $KH_2PO_4$, $MgSO_4$, and $CaCl_2$ for 20 days. Cultivation was stopped by solvent extraction via separation of the mycelium. The metabolites were identified as follows: propionic acid (1), mevalonic acid lactone (2), ${\beta}$-eudesmane (3), and ${\beta}$-eudesmol (4), respectively (Figure 1). The main peaks of ${\beta}$-eudesmane and ${\beta}$-eudesmol, which were indicative of sesquiterpene structures, were consistently detected for 5, 7, 12, and 15 days These results demonstrated the existence of terpene metabolism in the mycelium of P. brumalis. Polyporus spp. are known to generate flavor components such as methyl 2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethyl benzoate; 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methyl benzoic acid; 3-hydroxy-5-methyl phenol; and 3-methoxy-2,5-dimethyl phenol in submerged cultures (Hoffmann and Esser 1978). Drimanes of sesquiterpenes were reported as metabolites from P. arcularius and shown to exhibit antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (Fleck et al. 1996). The main metabolites of P. brumalis, ${\beta}$-Eudesmol and ${\beta}$-eudesmane, were categorized as eudesmane-type sesquiterpene structures. The eudesmane skeleton could be biosynthesized from FPP-derived IPP, and approximately 1,000 structures have been identified in plants as essential oils. The biosynthesis of eudesmol from P. brumalis may thus be an important tool for the production of useful natural compounds as presumed from its identified potent bioactivity in plants. Essential oils comprising eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoids have been previously and extensively researched (Wu et al. 2006). ${\beta}$-Eudesmol is a well-known and important eudesmane alcohol with an anticholinergic effect in the vascular endothelium (Tsuneki et al. 2005). Additionally, recent studies demonstrated that ${\beta}$-eudesmol acts as a channel blocker for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, and it can inhibit angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo by blocking the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway (Seo et al. 2011). Variation of nutrients was conducted to determine an optimum condition for the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes by P. brumalis. Genes encoding terpene synthases, which are crucial to the terpene synthesis pathway, generally respond to environmental factors such as pH, temperature, and available nutrients (Hoffmeister and Keller 2007, Yu and Keller 2005). Calvo et al. described the effect of major nutrients, carbon and nitrogen, on the synthesis of secondary metabolites (Calvo et al. 2002). P. brumalis did not prefer to synthesize sesquiterpenes under all growth conditions. Results of differences in metabolites observed in P. brumalis grown in PDB and modified medium highlighted the potential effect inorganic sources such as $C_4H_{12}N_2O_6$, $KH_2PO_4$, $MgSO_4$, and $CaCl_2$ on sesquiterpene synthesis. ${\beta}$-eudesmol was apparent during cultivation except for when P. brumalis was grown on $MgSO_4$-free medium. These results demonstrated that $MgSO_4$ can specifically control the biosynthesis of ${\beta}$-eudesmol. Magnesium has been reported as a cofactor that binds to sesquiterpene synthase (Agger et al. 2008). Specifically, the $Mg^{2+}$ ions bind to two conserved metal-binding motifs. These metal ions complex to the substrate pyrophosphate, thereby promoting the ionization of the leaving groups of FPP and resulting in the generation of a highly reactive allylic cation. Effect of magnesium source on the sesquiterpene biosynthesis was also identified via analysis of the concentration of total carbohydrates. Our current study offered further insight that fungal sesquiterpene biosynthesis can be controlled by nutrients. To profile the metabolites of P. brumalis, the cultures were extracted based on the growth curve. Despite metabolites produced during mycelia growth, there was difficulty in detecting significant changes in metabolite production, especially those at low concentrations. These compounds may be of interest in understanding their synthetic mechanisms in P. brumalis. The synthesis of terpene compounds began during the growth phase at day 9. Sesquiterpene synthesis occurred after growth was complete. At day 9, drimenol, farnesol, and mevalonic lactone (or mevalonic acid lactone) were identified. Mevalonic acid lactone is the precursor of the mevalonic pathway, and particularly, it is a precursor for a number of biologically important lipids, including cholesterol hormones (Buckley et al. 2002). Farnesol is the precursor of sesquiterpenoids. Drimenol compounds, bi-cyclic-sesquiterpene alcohols, can be synthesized from trans-trans farnesol via cyclization and rearrangement (Polovinka et al. 1994). They have also been identified in the basidiomycota Lentinus lepideus as secondary metabolites. After 12 days in the growth phase, ${\beta}$-elemene caryophyllene, ${\delta}$-cadiene, and eudesmane were detected with ${\beta}$-eudesmol. The data showed the synthesis of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons with bi-cyclic structures. These compounds can be synthesized from FPP by cyclization. Cyclic terpenoids are synthesized through the formation of a carbon skeleton from linear precursors by terpene cyclase, which is followed by chemical modification by oxidation, reduction, methylation, etc. Sesquiterpene cyclase is a key branch-point enzyme that catalyzes the complex intermolecular cyclization of the linear prenyl diphosphate into cyclic hydrocarbons (Toyomasu et al. 2007). After 20 days in stationary phase, the oxygenated structures eudesmol, elemol, and caryophyllene oxide were detected. Thus, after growth, sesquiterpenes were identified. Per these results, we showed that terpene metabolism in wood-rotting fungi occurs in the stationary phase. We also showed that such metabolism can be controlled by magnesium supplementation in the growth medium. In conclusion, we identified P. brumalis as a wood-rotting fungus that can produce sesquiterpenes. To mechanistically understand eudesmane-type sesquiterpene biosynthesis in P. brumalis, further research into the genes regulating the dynamics of such biosynthesis is warranted.

  • PDF

Acetolactate Synthase Activity Inhibition and Herbicidal Activity of Sulfonylurea and Imidazolinone Herbicides (Sulfonylurea 및 imidazolinone계 제초제(除草劑)의 살초작용(殺草作用)과 acetolactate synthase 활성(活性) 억제작용(抑制作用))

  • Hwang, I.T.;Hong, K.S.;Cho, K.Y.
    • Korean Journal of Weed Science
    • /
    • v.15 no.1
    • /
    • pp.54-62
    • /
    • 1995
  • Acetolactate synthase activity inhibition and herbicidal activities were investigated with 2 sulfonylureas [chlorsulfuron{2-chloro-N-{{(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) amino} carboxyl} benzenesulfonamide}, metsulfuron-methyl{methyl-2{{{{(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino}carbonyl}amino}sulfonyl}benzoic acid}, and 2 imidazoli-nones [imazethapyr{2-{4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl}-5-ethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylicacid}, imazaquin{2-{4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl}-3-quinoline carboxylic acid} herbicides. A broad weeding spectrum was observed with the treated herbicides at low application rates. Both corn(Zea mays L.) and sorghum(Sorghum bicolor Moench) were very sensitive to the two herbicide groups. Although legumes, such as soybean(Glycine max Merr.), clover(Trifolium repense L.), and indian jointvetch(Aeschnomene indica L.) were sensitive to the sulfonylureas, they were tolerant to the imidazolinones. On the contrary, wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) and barley(Hoderum sativum Jess.) showed the reverse responses of the legumes to the two herbicide groups. Quackgrass(Agropyron repens(L.) P. Beauv.). however, was commonly tolerant to the two herbicide groups. Degrees of crop injury and acetolactate synthase inhibition also varied with the crops examined. The 50% inhibition concentrations of sulfonylureas on acetolactate synthase in vitro activity($IC_{50}$) from corn, wheat, and soybean did not relate to the greenhouse herbicidal activities ($GI_{50}$). With chlorsulfuron, for example, wheat had more than 100 times higher $GI_{50}$ than corn and soybean, but the $IC_{50}$ was 4 to 10 times lower. Similar observation was made with metsulfuron-methyl. However, closer relationships between $IC_{50}$ and $GI_{50}$ were found with the imidazolinones. When imazethapyr was applied, the order of $GI_{50}$ values against com, wheat, and soybean was the same as that of $IC_{50}$.

  • PDF

A survey on status of quality and risk assessment in dentifrices and mouthwashes (치약제 및 구중청량제의 품질 실태 조사 및 안전성 평가)

  • Jaeeun Kwak;Wonhee Park;Hoejin Ryu;Jin Han;Jeongeun Choe;Sungdan Kim;Insook Hwang;Yongseung Shin
    • Analytical Science and Technology
    • /
    • v.36 no.6
    • /
    • pp.300-314
    • /
    • 2023
  • The quality of the products was investigated by analyzing fluorine content, pH, preservatives and tar colors in 31 dentifrice products (6 items for children) and 15 mouthwash products (2 items for children) marketed. It was intended to provide correct information to consumers by checking whether the standards and product indications match. As a result of measuring the fluoride concentration, 26 dentifrice and 15 mouthwash products contained from 48 to 1,472 ppm and from 85 to 225 ppm, respectively. Fluorine detection rates of dentifrice and mouthwash products were 83.9 and 83.3 %, respectively showing similar levels. Of the 41 fluoride-detected dentifrice and mouthwash products, 40 were 90.7~109.8 % of the displayed amount and suitable for the fluorine content standard of 90.0 to 110.0 %, but one dentifrice was found to be inappropriate at 36.3 % of the content indicated on the product. The pH of the dentifrice was 5.1~9.4, and the mouthwash was 4.2~6.2, which met all standards. As a result of simultaneous analysis of the concentration of six preservatives, benzoic acid was detected the most in 15 cases with a 30.6 % detection rate, sorbic acid was detected in 9 cases (detection rate of 18.4 %), and all four types of methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate, propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, butyl p-hydroxybenzoate were not detected. As a result of analyzing the concentration of 10 types of tar colors, six types including red40, yellow4, yellow5, yellow203, green3, and blue1 were detected in a total of 9 cases (2 dentifrices and 7 mouthwashes) with blue1 being the most frequently detected. Detected fluorine concentration, added preservatives and tar colors were consistent with the product markings and it was well written on product packaging. The detected preservatives and tar colors were at a safe level due to low risk compared to Acceptable Daily Intake.

Difference of Absorption and Anatomical Responses to Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase-Inhibiting Herbicides in Wheat and Barley (Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase 저해형 제초제에 대한 밀과 보리의 흡수 및 해부하적 차이)

  • 구자옥;국용인
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
    • /
    • v.42 no.1
    • /
    • pp.68-78
    • /
    • 1997
  • Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine differential sensitivities on absorption of $^{14}$ C-oxyfluorfen and the anatomical responses in wheat and barley to protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicides [oxyfluorfen (2-chloro-1- (3-ethoxy -nitrophen-oxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene, acifluorfen(5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]-2-nitro-benzoic acid), bifenox(methyl-5-(2, 4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-nitrobenzoate) and oxadiazon(5-tert-butyl-3-(2, 4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-one)]. I$_{50}$ value of the tolerant wheat cultivars to oxyfluorfen was about 10$^{-4}$ , whereas that of the susceptible barley cultivars was about 10$^{-6}$ M, showing significant difference between the two groups. When foliage were applied with acifluorfen, bifenox or oxadiazon, the oxyfluorfen-tolerant wheat showed less decreased in shoot fresh weight and chlorophyll content than the susceptible barley. Also, when soil-applied with these herbicides test plants showed similar tendency in foliar application. Electrolyte leakage from the tissue treated with these compounds was the more influenced in the barley than the wheat. Malondialdehyde(MDA) production as index of lipid peroxidation was greater in the barley than the wheat by treatment of these compounds. Therefore, the differential sensitivities of wheat and barley to protoporphyrinogen oxidaseinhibiting herbicides was showed by our greenhouse and in vitro experiment. The absorption rates of $^{14}$ C-oxyfluorfen were higher in the barley than the wheat. And this tendency was showed appararitly difference by increase of treatment durations. After the oxfluorfen and oxadiazon treatment, the tolerant wheat did not show the structural damage in leaf surface, but the susceptible barley was damaged in the leaf waxy layer. However, the acifluorfen and bifenox treatment showed no difference between wheat and barley. The anatomical changes by these compounds treatment were not observed in the tolerant wheat but epidermal cell and mesophyll cell were highly broken in the susceptible barley.

  • PDF

Antimicrobial Activity of Bamboo (Sasa borealis) Leaves Fraction Extracts against Food Poisoning Bacteria (조릿대 잎 분획 추출물의 식중독균에 대한 항균활성)

  • Park, Yeon-Ok;Lim, Hyeon-Sook
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
    • /
    • v.39 no.12
    • /
    • pp.1745-1752
    • /
    • 2010
  • This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial activity of 70% ethanol (EtOH) extract and the five fractions of the crude extract from Sasa borealis leaves against seven food poisoning bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococus luteus, Listeria monocytogens, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The yield of 70% EtOH extract was 11.4% and those of n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous fractions were 3.0%, 1.1%, 0.6%, 1.3%, and 5.1%, respectively. The 70% EtOH extract and the four fractions except aqueous fraction demonstrated antimicrobial activity against all the seven food poisoning bacteria at a concentration of 0.5%, although it was less compared to benzoic acid. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the 70% EtOH extract against all the food poisoning bacteria except S. aureus was $50{\mu}L$/disc. Moreover, chloroform fraction was $35{\mu}L$/disc against 3 food poisoning bacteria and $50{\mu}L$/disc against the other 4 food poisoning bacteria; ethyl acetate fraction was $50{\mu}L$/disc against all the food poisoning bacteria. In addition, n-butanol fraction was $50{\mu}L$/disc against all the food poisoning bacteria except S. aureus. Aqueous fraction, which did not show antimicrobial activity at 5%, was $200{\mu}L$/disc against only S. aureus and L. monocytogen. The 0.25%, and 0.5% of ethyl acetate fraction inhibited the growth of all the food poisoning bacteria 8 to 12 hours and 24 hours, respectively. These results indicate that the Sasa borealis leaves may be useful as a natural antimicrobial substance.

Potent Anticarcinogenic Action of Moutan radix for Mouse Ascites Cancer Induced by Mouse Sarcoma 180 Cells (Moutan radix의 mouse sarcoma 180 cell로 유발한 mouse ascites cancer에 대한 항암효과)

  • Bahn, Kyeong-N.;Lee, Eun-J.;Yang, Min-S.;Kim, Jeong-O.;Ha, Yeong-L.
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
    • /
    • v.38 no.4
    • /
    • pp.364-369
    • /
    • 1995
  • Anticarcinogenic activity of Moutan radix for mouse ascites cancer induced by mouse Sarcoma 180 (S-180) cells was investigated. Methanol extract of Moutan radix including other folk medicinal plants (Taxus cuspidata, Curcuma longa, Artemisia capillaris, Ligrstri fructus, and Liriope platyphylla) used to remedy or cure many chronic human diseases like cancer was fractionated into hexane, chloroform ($CHCl_3$), ethylacetate (EtOAc), and butanol (BuOH) fractions. Anticarcinogenic activity of the fractions, exhibited a strong cytotoxicity for L1210 and S-180 cells, was examined for mouse ascites cancer induced by S-180 cells. Male ICR mice (7 mice/treatment, $5{\sim}6$ weeks of age, $23{\pm}1\;g$ were injected i.p. with S-180 cells ($1{\times}10^{7}\;cell/1\;ml$ PBS). One day later, each mouse was given 0.1 ml of 10% DMSO containing sample ($30\;{\mu}g/g$ body weight) every day for 10 consecutive days. Control mice were only given 0.1ml S-180 cells and 0.1 ml 10% DMSO. Mice treated with EtOAc fraction of Moutan radix showed 28.7 days of life, which is 167% of control mice's life. Based on the dose-dependant experiment mice treated with $30\;{\mu}g$ showed longer life relative to mice treated with ootherr doses (5, 15, $60\;{\mu}g$), and mice treated with $60\;{\mu}g$ exhibited toxic symptoms. Body weight of mice treated with Moutan radix was significantly reduced relative to that of control mice (p<0.05). GC-MS analysis in conjunction with silica-gel column chromatography revealed that the EtOAc fraction contained 2-methoxylphenol, benzoic acid, 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethanone, 8-methyl-2,4(1H,3H)pteridinedione and 2,5-furan-dicarboxylic dimethyl ester as regards to the anticarcinogenic property of the EtOAc fraction. These results suggest that Moutan radix might be included as an anticarcinogenic medicinal plant for treatment of ascites cancer.

  • PDF

Behaviors of the High-profile Arch Soil-steel Structure During Construction (높은 아치형 지중강판 구조물의 시공 중 거동 분석)

  • 이종구;조성민;김경석;김명모
    • Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
    • /
    • v.19 no.6
    • /
    • pp.71-84
    • /
    • 2003
  • The metallic shell of soil-steel structures are so weak in bending moment that it should sustain the applied load by the interaction of the backfill soil around the structures. The shell can be subjected to excessive bending moment during side backfilling or under live-load when the soil cover is less than the minimum value. The current design code specifies the allowable deformation and Duncan(1979) and McGrath et al.(2001) suggested the strength analysis methods to limit the moments by the plastic capacity of the shell. However, the allowable deformation is an empirically determined value and the strength analysis methods are based on the results of FE analysis, hence the experimental verification is necessary. In this study, the full-scale tests were conducted on the high-profile arch to investigate its behaviors during backfilling and under static live-loads. Based on the measurements, the allowable deformation of the tested structure could be estimated to be 1.45% of rise, which is smaller than the specified allowable deformation. The comparison between the measurements and the results of two strength analyses indicate that Duncan underestimates the earth-load moment and overestimates the live-load moment, while McGrath et al. predicts both values close to the actual values. However, as the predicted factors of safeties using two methods coincide with the actual factor of safety, it can be concluded that both methods can predict the structural stability under live-loads adequately when the cover is less than the minimum.