• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.38-51
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• 2024

Although the bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) is a crop with a cultivation history of about 10,000 years in the Old and New Worlds, archaeological considerations on the cultivation and use of bottle gourds on the Korean Peninsula are extremely rare. Accordingly, we reviewed previous reports on bottle gourds and examined the morphological characteristics of seeds and rind fragments from the Korean Peninsula. The investigation yielded several conclusions. First, bottle gourd cultivation likely began during the Bronze Age alongside the introduction of so-called southern crops. Evidence suggests that bottle gourd remains were more prevalent during the Three-Kingdoms period, indicating its significance as a crop during the historical era. Second, bottle gourd seeds from the Three-Kingdoms period exhibit characteristics of both African and Asian subspecies, showcasing a high level of morphological diversity. Third, rind thickness indicates that bottle gourds found at the Bongseon-ri site were of varieties with large fruits. Taken together, it is concluded that the bottle gourd was introduced to the Korean Peninsula during the Bronze Age, and people cultivated a range of bottle gourd varieties during the Three-Kingdoms period.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.6 no.3_4
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• pp.146-149
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• 2008

Pleurotus pulmonarius usually grows on the dead wood of deciduous trees in mid summer to early fall. The pileus color is white to tan and fruiting body is generally smaller than P. ostreatus. This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of cultivation and consumer acceptance of P. pulmonarius. The period of incubation and primordial occurrence were required about 33days, 5days in bottle cultivation repectively, and the yield was 170g/850cc bottle. In bed cultivation, the period of primordial occurrence was similar to that of bottle cultivation and the yields was $35.7{\sim}46.2kg/3.3m^2$. Taste and favor of P. pulmonarius were superior to P. oostreatus., but the appearance, color and shape, was slightly inferior to P. ostreatus.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.142-145
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• 2010

In this study, we attempted to find substitute materials, swelling rice hull, cocopeat, corncob and coconut sawdust, for sawdust in bottle cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus. Chemical characters of mixture substrates with four substitute materials for pine sawdust were not different significantly. By comparison in mycelial growth and yield of fruitbody, mixture substrate of cocopeat were showed the same level in P. ostreatus. Therefore, it is suggested that cocopeat was substituted for sawdust for cultivation of P. ostreatus.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.107-112
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• 2022

This study was conducted to reduce the phenomenon of biased cultivation and to pursue the diversification of mushroom items. We focused on developing Sparassis latifolia varieties with a short cultivation period, stable pinheading, and a high yield. We have collected and determined the characteristics of genetic resources domestically and abroad since 2016. We bred the unique domestic variety, "Hanyeoul" and the results of this study are as follows. The optimal temperatures for mycelial growth and fruit body growth were 22~25℃ and 19~21℃, respectively. The color of the pileus was pale-yellowish white, which was similar to the color of the control variety, "Neoul". The number of days required for cultivation was 125 for bottle cultivation and 98~102 for bag cultivation, which was shorter than the number of days required for the control variety. Bottle cultivation took 39 days shorter for the new variety than the control variety. The fruiting body of the new variety was similar in size or larger than that of the control variety. The pinheading rate was more than 90% in bottle cultivation and bag cultivation, which was more stable than pinheading in the control variety. The yield was 79.1 g/bottle (1,100 cc) for bottle cultivation, which was 22.6% higher than the yield of the control variety, and 641.1~689.5 g/bag (2.6 kg) for bag cultivation, which 5.8~10.4% higher than yield of the control variety.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2015

This study was carried out to develop optimum sawdust medium for bottle cultivation of Pholiota adiposa. Five kinds of sawdust media were tested. Period of primordial formation was shorter 1-5 days in T3 and in T4 than in other treatments. Total cultivation period was 3-5 days longer in treatments including oak sawdust than in T5, treatment of poplar+rice bran(8:2). Stipe diameter, stipe length, and number of valid stipe were the biggest in T3. Yield of fruiting body was increased 33% in T3 and 12% in T4, respectively compared to T1 as control. Therefore, T3, treatment of oak sawdust+beet pulf+cottonseed meal(5:3:2), would be appropriate for the commercial production of Pholiota adiposa by bottle cultivation.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.144-149
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• 2009

The occurrences of the major diseases and the densities of air-born microbes were surveyed in the cultivation facilities for oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii), and enoki mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) in different areas of Korea. Green mold disease was most often developed in oyster mushroom bed cultivation with the disease incidence rate of approximate 10% while the disease incidences from bottle and plastic envelop cultivation were less than 1~2%. In the bed cultivation, the major air-born microbes in the growth room were Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, and Curvularia with the total fungal population density of 567~1,297 CFU/$m^3$ . However, only Trichoderma and Penicillium were detected in the growth rooms and innoculation rooms of bottle and plastic envelop cultivation with the densities of 350~700 CFU/$m^3$ and 160~260 CFU/$m^3$, respectively. The bacterial diseases become evident in the growth rooms of bottle and plastic envelop cultivation with the approximate incidence rate of 10%. The identified bacterial species were Brevibacillus levelkil, Rhizobium radiobacter, Brevundimonas vesicularis, Pseudomonas mosselii, Microbacterium testaceum. Sphingomonas panmi, Sphingomonas yabuuchiae, Paracocus dinitrificans, Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens and some unidentified bacteria with the densities of 40~6,359 CFU/$m^3$ in the growth rooms and 9 CFU/$m^3$ in the inoculation room. This study indicated that the green mold disease by fungal strains was the major mushroom disease in the bed cultivation and suggested that the contamination of bacteria and fungi together in the growth media could result in severe production loss. The plastic envelope and bottle cultivation were evidenced to be less susceptible to such contaminations.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.111-118
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• 2016

The medium used for bottle cultivation of mushrooms is made according to a specific workflow; this includes mixing the raw materials, adjusting the moisture content, placing the mixture into bottles, and sterilizing and cooling the medium. Medium composition should be kept constant throughout the year. placed in the bottle, choice of materials, moisture content, weight of the medium, bulk density, nitrogen content, three-phase medium, such as suitable conditions. To achieve constant medium composition a comprehensive model has been established in accordance with the technology developed in the work process with respect to medium compositions piecemeal. By comprehensively applying the various methods to establish medium composition, our country can expect to grow at over four seasons and overcome the many difficulties in mushroom mycelial growth periods, cultivation periods, quantity, and quality.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.25 no.4 s.83
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• pp.268-275
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• 1997

High prices of raw materials used as media for the mushroom cultivation increased the cost of commercial production of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). In this study, garlic peels (Allium sativum f. pekinese) as an agricultural by-product were investigated to replace the saw dust for the bottle cultivation of oyster mushroom. Mycelial growth of oyster mushroom were examined by the extracts made from the sawdust, rice bran and garlic peels. The mycelial growth was very poor in the agar media containing the extracts of sawdust or garlic peels, but was good when those of the rice bran were added. In the polypropylene bottle experiment, the sawdust medium which ammended with minerals vitamin was essential for the production of the mushroom fruitbodies. The rice bran was considered to stimulate the mycelial growth, but not the development of basidiocarps. The garlic peel was not a factor to stimulate the production of mushroom fruitbodies, but a raw material ammended with the rice bran produced much amounts of mushroom. In this work, garlic peels ($10{\sim}70%$ v/v) added to the mixture of sawdust and rice bran (4 : 1, v/v) was considered to help the productions of mushroom fruitbodies. Based on the result, the replacement of expensive saw dust with inexpensive garlic peels was a good example to reduce production cost of the bottle cultivation of mushroom.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.74-79
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• 2011

This study was carried out to develop a method related to measuring the temperature of sterile medium in bottle cultivation. When the medium is sterilized, the device is able to be inserted inside of the medium and the temperature can be directly measured in real time although high temperature and pressure are detected in the sterilization. This device can be able to measure the sterilization temperature in short intervals inside of autoclave and medium used in bottle cultivation. As the method were applied to the field cultivation of mushroom, we could produce mushroom in consistent manner through the optimum sterilization of the medium.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.385-392
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• 2019

Currently, plastic bags are being used for sawdust cultivation of shiitake mushroom. However, due to serious environmental problems caused by the use of plastic bags, we studied the efficacy of bottle cultivation method to replace the sawdust bag method. Small detachable plastic bottles (400 g capacity) filled with Quercus spp. sawdust and wheat bran (4:1 w/w) media were incubated for 80 and 120 days. The weight loss (%) of the media was higher for the NIFoS 2464 strain at an approximate light intensity of 300 Lux than light intensity of 500 Lux; the light intensity was associated with the loss of sawdust medium-weight during the cultivation period. The highest yield was observed when the strain was cultivated for 80 days under dark conditions, 40 days under 500 Lux light, and air circulation fan speed of 30 rpm. When incubated for 120 days, mushroom yield in the bottle media was higher at 40 days of light exposure than 20 days of light exposure. In the bottle media incubated for 80 days under dark conditions, the mushrooms fruited due to repetitive water spraying on the top of the media and light stimulation during the fruiting period. The media could be separated from the bottles because the media shrank after the first harvest. These separated plastic bottles could be re-used for mushroom cultivation, thereby reducing the amount of plastic waste.