• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.3-9
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• 1978

Organic compounds, such as aldehydes, amines, amides, sulfur compounds of polymers, have been added to cyanide Zinc electroplating bath to achieve in improvement of the brightness and of the current efficiency. It was found that the addition of only one compound o these organic compounds in the bath were unsuitable to be used for brightener, but mixure of aldehyde and reaction products obtained from epoxides and amines and/or amides were suitable for brightener in cyanide zinc electroprating baths.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1998.07g
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• pp.2539-2540
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• 1998

The characteristics of the electroplated nickel were investigated for the MEMS applications. Nickel sulfate bath was used and saccharine was added as the brightener. The effects of the brightener concentration were investigated by comparison of the surface morphology and the hardness of the electroplated nickel. The polarization characteristics were also investigated. The best results were obtained at 1g/$\ell$ saccharin addition.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.151-155
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• 2009

Micro-scale copper bumps for build-up PCB were electroplated using a pulse-reverse method. The effects of the current density, pulse-reverse ratio and brightener concentration of the electroplating process were investigated and optimized for suitable performance. The electroplated micro-bumps were characterized using various analytical tools, including an optical microscope, a scanning electron microscope and an atomic force microscope. Surface analysis results showed that the electroplating uniformity was viable in a current density range of 1.4-3.0 A/$dm^2$ at a pulse-reverse ratio of 1. To investigate the brightener concentration on the electroplating properties, the current density value was fixed at 3.0 A/$dm^2$ as a dense microstructure was achieved at this current density. The brightener concentration was varied from 0.05 to 0.3 ml/L to study the effect of the concentration. The optimum concentration for micro-bump electroplating was found to be 0.05 ml/L based on the examination of the electroplating properties of the bump shape, roughness and grain size.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.117-122
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• 2008

Micro-sized bumps on a multi-layered build-up PCB were fabricated by pulse-reverse copper electroplating. The values of the current density and brightener content for the electroplating were optimized for suitable performance with maximum efficiency. The micro-bumps thus electroplated were characterized using a range of analytical tools that included an optical microscope, a scanning electron microscope, an atomic force microscope and a hydraulic bulge tester. The optical microscope and scanning electron microscope analyses results showed that the uniformity of the electroplating was viable in the current density range of $2-4\;A/dm^2$; however, the uniformity was slightly degraded as the current density increased. To study the effect of the brightener concentration, the concentration was varied from zero to 1.2 ml/L. The optimum concentration for micro-bump electroplating was found to be 0.6 ml/L based on an examination of the electroplating properties, including the roughness, yield strength and grain size.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.909-918
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• 1999

The indigo-dyed blue denim garments are favored not only by young people but also by almost everyone of life, In the early years they were casually worn on most occasions but became universal recently. Such denim garments are treated with various process to give it optimal softness and color contrast of blue and white. The processess can generate photoyellowing and thus the yellowing may damage their appearance and quality. So this study is to find the solutions to reduce the photoyellowing problem. For this prupose sample denim were treated with cellulase fluorescent brightener UV absorbent etc. The results were as follows; The yellowing would be more accelerated by fluorescent brightening. Since the yellowing was reduced by 90% In particular the application of the UV absorbent before using of the fluorescent brightener was most effective. The optimal concentration was 0.5% (o.w.f) and the benzophenone compounds were found most effective for the indigo denim. And reduction effect of yellowing by UV absorbent was lowered with repeated laundering but metal compound treatment on fabric made a removal of UV absorbent by laundering prevented.

• 대한치주과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.190-191
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• 2005

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.132-138
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• 2016

In this study, we report the fabrication of functional complex fibers, which have been studied widely globally for numerous applications. Here, we fabricated conductive complex fibers with antibacterial properties by coating metal ions on the surface of plastic (polypropylene) fibers using the electroless and electrochemical deposition. First, we polished the polypropylene melt-blown fiber surface and obtained an absorbing Pd seed layer on its surface. Subsequently, we substituted the Pd with Cu. Bis-3-sulfopropyl-disulfide disodium salt (SPS), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and ethylene thiourea (ETU) were used as the brightener, carrier, and leveler, respectively for the electroplating. We focused on most achieving the stable plating condition to remove dendrites, which are normally during electroplating metals so that smooth layer is formed on the fiber surface. The higher the amount of SPS, the higher was the extent of irregular plate-like growth. Many irregularities in the form of round spheres were observed with increase in the amount of PEG and ETU. Hence, when the additives were used separately, a uniform coating could not be obtained. A stable coating was obtained when the three additives were combined and a uniform 5-9 μm thick copper layer with a stable morphology could be obtained around the fiber. We believe that our results can be applied widely to obtain conductive fibers with antibacterial properties and are useful in aiding research on conductive lightweight composite fibers for application in information technology and robotics.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.219-228
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• 1996

Neutral Zinc Electroplating(NZE) utilizing the electrolyte of pH 6 to 8 has advantages in waste treatment and the protection of equipment. NZE is beneficially used in chromating treatment, but the limiting current density and the current efficiency are low. Therefore this study is investigated to analyse the characteristics of NZE and to obtain high current density and current efficiency. The deposition potential of zinc in the NZE bath is about 110mV, which is lower than acidic bath. The current density possibily increases up to 60A/d$\m^2$ in lower complexing agent content and pH 6. More than 90% of cathodic current efficiency was obtained in NZE bath. The NZE morphology shows smaller grains than acidic bath. The addition of 4$m\ell$/1 second brightener gives finer morphology. As pH becomes higher, (002) plan decreases and (100), (101) and (110) planes increase in the no additives solution.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.174-179
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• 1979

The effects of brightness, electrochemical behaviour on the organic additives, such as aldehydes, polymers, amines and condensed product obtained from epichlorohydrin and nicotinamide, in cyanide zinc electrolplating bath have been studied by controlled potential electrolyser. The results were summerized as follows: (1) It was found that the addition of only one compound of these organic compounds in the bath was unsuitable but mixture of anisaldehyde or monoethanolamine and condensed product as suitable as brightener. (2) The cathodic polarization curve of polymers or aldehydes in cyanide zinc electroplating bath was almost the same but the cathodic polarization curve of condensed product remarkable shifted to noble potential more than non-additive curve.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.139-143
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• 2010

The objective of our study was the formulation of a local strain of Mamestra brassicae nucleopolyhedrovirus-K1 (MabrNPV-K1) for the development of viral insecticide to control M. brassicae. To formulate MabrNPV-K1, feeding toxicities of various supplements and ultraviolet (UV)-protection were investigated. Optical brightener Tinopal UNPA-GX (Tinopal) as UV protectant and Bentonite had some toxicity themselves to increase the mortality. The protection of polyhedra from UV light radiation was observed only by Tinopal. The MabrNPV-K1 was formulated as a wettable powder form. The mortality of the formulation was higher and rapid than that of the un-formulated. This suggested the possibility of MabrNPV-K1 formulation as an effective biological control agent for M. brassicae.