• KSBB Journal
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2008

An extracellular pigment production of three Phellinus sp. (Phellinus 421, P. linteus and P. hartigil) through submerged cultivation was investigated. The maximum brown pigment from culture broth was obtained from the precipitate by addition of 10% 1M HCI solution. This precipitate showed absorption characteristics with ${\lambda}_{max}$ of 360nm. The maximum production of extracellular pigment obtained at optimum medium and culture condition was 3.54 ($A_{360}$). The precipitate was fractionated by Sephadex G-75 gel chromatography, and the isolated brown pigment contained a large amount of polyphenol and the small amounts of sugar and protein. The brown pigment fraction was stable in temperature range of $30{\sim}60^{\circ}C$, pH range of $4{\sim}6$, sugar addition ranges of $1{\sim}5%$ and salt addition concentration of 3 molarity. Antioxidative activity of the brown pigment by TBA method was better than that of vitamin E (${\alpha}$-tocopherol).

• Fibers and Polymers
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.263-268
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• 2005

Alpaca fibers have some distinct properties such as softness and warmth, which have not been fully understood in combination with the fiber internal structures. In the present investigation, the internal structures of alpaca fibers have been closely examined under the scanning electron microscope (SEM), especially in the longitudinal direction. The results showed that numerous pigment granules reside loosely inside pockets in brown and dark-brown alpaca fibers. These pigment granules were mainly distributed inside the cortical cells, the medullation regions as well as underneath the cuticles. Their size in the brown alpaca fibers was smaller and more uniformly round than in the dark-brown fibers. These granules in colored alpaca fibers loosen the bundle of cortical cells, providing many crannies in the fibers which may contribute to the superior flexibility, warmth and softness of the fibers. Moreover, there are no heavy metal elements found in the granules. The mordant hydrogen peroxide bleaching employed could eliminate the pigment granules and create many nano-volumes for further dyeing of fibers into more attractive colors.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.48-50
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• 1995

We discovered that the Bacillus licheniformis SSA3, fermenting traditional Korean soy sauce and soybean paste, involved in the synthesis of a dark-brown pigment. This pigment produced in the minimal medium supplemented with tyrosine only as precursor. We showed that this pigment is novel, and differed from melanoidin and melanin, and an antimutagenic substance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.333-339
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• 1994

The metabolic transit of three samples( 14C glycine-glyucose melanoidin, glycine-glucose melanoidin and soybean sauce ) were studied on rats. The radioactivity of various organs and excreta intubated 14C glycine-glucose melanoidin on rats at various intervals(1, 3, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs were detected . And the brown pigment contents and hydrogen donating activities in the excreta which is obtained from three samples were detected during the 7 days after intubated. The total amount of 14C excreted in the fecese were 53% meaning that the rest of 47% melanoidin seemed to be retained in the body or metabolized . The radioactive compound showed a small retention in the liver and kidney. The brown pigment contents and hydrogen donating activities in the urine and feces increased proportionally to the activity of 14C. When the soybean sauce and glycine glucose melanoidin were intubated, the brown pigment contents excreted in the feces were found to be the highest after 1 st day of intubation. In the urine, the model melanoidin was excreted mostly after 3 days of intubation. The brown pigment contents and hydrogen donating activities of three samples of excreta agreed with each other. The soybean sauce retained longer than model melanoidin in the body is telling that it might have antioxidative activity in vivo.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.155-160
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• 1982

Claviceps purpurea PRL 1980 produces a fluorescent reddish brown pigment in the alkaloid production medium. When D,L-tryptophan $[side\;chain-3-^{14}C]$ was administered into the production medium, the radioactive pigment and 5-hydroxytryphan were isolated from the cultures. Conversion of tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan in vivo was shown by an isotopic trapping procedure. 5-hydroxytryptophan isolated from the cultures contained appreciable radioactivity and was recrystallized to constant specific radioactivity. The injection of the $^{14}C-labelled$ 5-hydroxytryptophan showed an incorporation of radioactivity into brown pigment significantly higher than that of tryptophan. The brown pigment produced by Claviceps purpurea PRL 1980 seems to be derived from tryptophan through 5-hyrdroxytryptophan.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1047-1052
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• 2001

The pigment content in meju fermented by a Monascus species with different materials was studied. The relations between growth of M. pilosus and pigment production were positive and the correlation coefficient associated with this relationship was determined to be : r = 0.9879. Pigments produced by M. purpureus and M. pilosus were composed of 9 and 8 bands, respectively. One kind of them was yellowish, whereas the others were reddish. Total pigment levels in rice meju fermented by M. purpureus and M. pilosus were 335.25 and 1428.90$\mu\textrm{g}$/g, respectively. Pigment levels in the mejus fermented at 3$0^{\circ}C$ showed higher than those at 20 and 4$0^{\circ}C$. The order of pigment content in meju was polished rice > germinated brown rice > wheat > brown rice > waxy brown rice > germinated waxy brown rice. Pigment production by M. pilosus was higher than that of M. purpureus. Pigment content in rice meju prepared by adding 10% seed culture was highest, and pigment content of granulated rice was higher than that of powdered rice. Pigment production was not desirable in soybean meju fermented by seed culture, whereas the pigment levels in meju by adding 10% powdered rice and 10% powdered rice seed meju increased by 23.0 ~75.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.22-25
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• 1995

Bacillus licheniformis SSA3 can produce a dark-brown antimutagenic pigment. The optimal conditions for production of this pigment are reached at 0.1% tyrosine, in pH 6-8, within 7-9 days, at $30^{\circ}C$, and in aerobic condition. We cloned a DNA fragment involved in pigment synthesis from Bacillus licheniformis SSA3 using a mutant strain. The cloned DNA was 7kb in size, which can produce the same pigment even in E. coli.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.42-46
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• 2004

Each pigments were obtained by ethyl alcohol extraction method, blue and yellow pigment from Gardenia as well as dark brown pigment from Kaoliang. Concentration of these pigments are all 60 Brix, the extraction yields were 0.68, 1.97, 0.63 ％(w/w), respectively. Oil soluble natural black pigment (OSNBP) was composed of soybean oil, water, emulsifier, Gardenia blue and yellow, Kaoliang dark brown etc. Blending ratio of these was 8: 22: 42: 10: 15: 13 (w/w), this mixture was carried out homogenized. Solubility of this OSNBP in soybean oil was appeared the maximum level at about 30∼40$^{\circ}C$ range. OSNBP solubilized black oil was not reseparated at below 20$^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.273-281
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• 1987

In this work the antioxidant effects of browning reaction products prepared by xylose-tryrtophan reaction system were discussed. The antioxygenic brown pigments were separated by solvent extraction, and column chromatography and isolated by gel filteration. The functional groups of the brown pigments which had antioxidant activity were examined. The brown pigments extracted with methanol showed antioxidant effect and were fractionated in 5portions on DEAE-cellulose column. The elutes with methanol: acetic acid(10:30 v/v sol n(A), methanol: chloroform(95:5 v/v) sol n(C), and chloroform: acetic acid(10:30 v/v) sol n(E) only showed antioxidant activity and their compositions were 22.43, 21.51 and $34.43\%$ respectively. When each fraction on DEAE-cellulose column was reseparated on Sephadex LH-20 column, 2 fractions were obtained from portion A and C respectively. Molecular weights of A, C and E fraction of brown pigments were from 2,600 to 3,700. By elucidation of IR spectra, the pigment fractions which showed a strong antioxidant activity were tearing the indole group. It is suggested that the antioxidant function of the brown pigment is due to hydroxy and amino group. A higher activity of the brown pigment fraction E might be attributed to carboxylic acid or carboxylic ester compounds.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.303-306
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• 2011

[ $V_2O_5$ ]doped Karrooite pigments were synthesized by the solid state method to get stabilized brown pigment in oxidation and reduction atmosphere. Optimum substitution condition and limited dopant with $V_2O_5$ for Karrooite pigment was investigated. With calcination at $1250^{\circ}C{\sim}1400^{\circ}C$, compositions were designed varying $V_2O_5$ molar ratio by increasing 0.02mole to the formula $Mg_1-xTi_2-xM_{2x}O_5$(x = 0.01~0.09 mole). Synthesized pigments were analyzed by XRD, Raman spectroscopy and UV-vis. When $V_2O_5$ was doped from 0.01 to 0.05 mole, single phase of Karrooite was observed at temperature $1300^{\circ}C$ and soaking time 4h by Raman spectroscopy. However, it was found that excess $VO_2$ peak appeared with 0.07 and 0.09 mole of $V_2O_5$ doped to $MgTi_2O_5$. This result indicated that the maximum limit of solid solution is 0.05 mole $V_2O_5$. Karrooite pigments were applied as a ceramic pigment to achieve brown colors in lime magnesia glaze and lime barium graze at both of oxidation and reduction atmosphere. CIE color coordinates are $L^*$ = 40.34, $a^*$ = 9.94, $b^*$ = 21.40 in lime magnesia glaze.