• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.452-459
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• 2004

The geometrical structures of various isomers of hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene (HFBD), tetrafluoro-1,3-butadiene (TFBD), and difluoro-1,3-butadiene (DFBD) have been studied theoretically. Natural steric and natural resonance theory (NRT) analyses indicate that the lower energy of skew s-cis conformer of hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene than that of the s-trans conformer is originated from the strong steric repulsions between fluorine atoms particularly in the s-trans conformer. The resonance structures generated by NRT also show that the lone electron pairs of fluorine atoms effectively extend the conjugation, and the large differences in energy among the structural isomers of tetrafluoro-1,3-butadiene and difluoro-1,3-butadiene are in part attributed to the differences in the delocalization energies, in addition to the steric repulsion between fluorine atoms. Other interatomic interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, also play important roles in determination of the structures of isomers of tetrafluoro-1,3-butadiene and difluoro-1,3-butadiene.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.63-73
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• 1992

There are many methods of obtaining butadiene described in the literature. In the america it is produced largely from petroleum gases, i.e., by catalytic dehydrogenation of butene of butene-butane mixtures. Butadiene can be recovered from the $C_4$ residue of an olefin plant by distilling off a fraction containing most of the butadiene, catalytically hydrogenating the higher acetylenes to olefins and separating the product from other olefins and isobutane by extraction. Also it can be obtained by cracking naphtha and light oil. Among the individual dienes of commercial importance, 1, 3-butadiene is of first importance. It is used primarily for the production of polymers.In the present paper, it was investigated for a effect of the formation and the growth inhibition of popped corn polymer in butadiene extraction unit. As a result of study, inhibitors, $NaNO_2$ and TBC were good effective for inhibition of the formation and growth in popcorn polymer. The rational formula of popcorn polymer obtained was $(C_4H_6)_x$.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.281-288
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• 2020

A calibration curve is needed to determine the SBR and BR blend ratio of SBR/BR blend rubber compounds using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass chromatography (Py-GC/MS) or Py-GC. In general, a calibration curve is obtained using reference SBR/BR vulcanizates with various blend ratios. In this study, the calibration curves were obtained using reference samples made of rubber solutions and were compared to those plotted using the reference SBR/BR vulcanizates. Calibration curves using variations of 1,3-butadiene/styrene, 4-vinylcyclohexene (VCH)/styrene, 2-phenylpropene (PhP)/butadiene, PhP/VCH, 4-phenylcyclohexene (PhCH)/butadiene, and PhCH/VCH ratios with the BR content were examined for the suitability. We found that the calibration curves obtained using the mixed rubber solution references (1,3-butadiene/styrene and PhP/butadiene) could replace those constructed using the reference SBR/BR vulcanizates. The calibration curves of 1,3-butadiene/styrene and PhP/butadiene obtained using the raw references can be used for the determination of the SBR/BR blend ratios by applying some correction factors.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.347-352
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• 1996

A natural rubber was blended with a butadiene rubber with different ratios. A natural rubber, along with three different blends, its ratio varying from 10 to 15 to 20 weight %, were prepared and tested. It was found that inclusion of the butadiene rubber increased cure time, compared to the natural rubber. It is speculated that increased free volume due to the inclusion of butadiene rubber contributed to this effect. Furthermore, inclusion of butadiene rubber led to increase hardness of a sphere, and as a result, the extent of rebound increased sharply.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2019

The rapid development of the automobile industry is an important factor that led to the dramatic development of synthetic rubber. The tread part of tire that comes in direct contact with the road surface is related to the service life of the tire. Rubber compounds used in tire treads are often blended with SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber) and BR (butadiene rubber) to satisfy physical property requirements. However, when two or more kinds of rubber are blended, phase separation and silica dispersion problems may occur due to non-uniform mixing of the rubber. Therefore, in this study, we synthesized an SBR copolymer with the same composition as that of a typical SBR/BR blend compound by controlling butadiene content during ESBR (emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber) synthesis. Subsequently, silica filled compounds were manufactured using the synthesized ESBR, and their mechanical properties, dynamic viscoelasticity, and crosslinking density were compared with those of the SBR/BR blended compound. When the content of butadiene was increased in the silica filled compound, the cure rate accelerated due to an increased number of allylic positions, which typically exhibit higher reactivity. However, the T-2 compound with increased butadiene content by synthesis less likely to show an increase in crosslink density due to poor silica dispersion. In addition, the T-3 compound containing high cis BR content showed high crosslink density due to its monosulfide crosslinking structure. Because of the phase separation, SBR/BR blend compounds were easily broken and showed similar $M_{100%}$ and $M_{300%}$ values as those of other compounds despite their high crosslink density. However, the developed blend showed excellent abrasion resistance due to the high cis-1,4 butadiene content and low rolling resistance due to the high crosslink density.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.57-60
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• 2008

Catalytic oligomerization of isobutene to produce triisobutenes has been performed over a cation-exchange resin (Amberlyst-35) by using commercial C4 feeds. The catalytic activity in the oligomerization was retained without deactivation up to 90 h of reaction in a simulated reaction feed without butadiene, but its activity was significantly affected by the presence of butadiene in commercial C4 feeds. The isobutene conversion with time-on-stream was significantly decreased in the presence of butadiene, indicating the catalyst deactivation by butadiene. However, the stable activity for trimerization was accomplished when the oligomerization was carried out after eliminating butadiene by hydrogenation of the feeds. This work demonstrates that butadiene plays a role as a catalyst poison on the solid acid catalyst, so that its removal in the reactant feed is essential for practical application of trimerization.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.321-327
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• 2009

1,3-butadiene is classified as suspected human carcinogen, group A2(American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, ACGIH). In Korea, 1,3-butadiene has been used as a raw material; monomer, homopolymer, polybutadiene latex, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene(ABS) and styrene-butadiene rubber(SBR), in the petrochemistry and precision chemistry industry. As petrochemistry industry in Korea has been developed, the potential exposure possibility of 1,3-butadiene to workers can be increased. Therefore the purpose of this study is to evaluate airborne 1,3-butadiene concentration and workers' exposure levels in the workplace using 1,3-butadiene. Air samples were collected with 4-tert-butyl catechol(TBC) charcoal tube(100 mg/50 mg) and were analyzed by gas chromatograph/flame ionization detector(GC/FID) according to the Choi's method(2002). Geometric mean (GM) and arithmetic mean (AM) of total 59 workers' exposure concentrations to airborne 1.3-butadiene were 0.042 ppm and 1.51 ppm, respectively. Although most samples were lower than 1ppm, 2 samples(21.5ppm and 33.1ppm as 8hr-TWA) were exceeded the Korean standard(2ppm) over 10 times at the repair process in synthetic rubber and resin manufacture industry. 14 samples(41%) of total 34 short-term air samples were exceeded the Korean standard(10ppm as STEL) of Ministry Labor. 1,3-butadiene concentration(GM) in the synthetic rubber and resin manufacture industry(7.87ppm) was significantly higher than that in the monomer manufacure industry (0.35ppm)(p<0.05). Also in the sampling and repair process, each GM(range) was 1.39ppm(N.D.-469.6ppm) and 7.85ppm(N.D.-410.2ppm). In conclusion, it depends on the industry and process, 1,3-butadiene can be exposed to workers as high concentration for short-term.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.188-196
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• 2022

Styrene-butadiene rubber(SBR) is a copolymer of styrene and butadiene. It is composed of 1,2-unit, 1,4-unit, and styrene, and its properties are dependent on its microstructure. In general, rubber composites contain a single rubber or a blended rubber. Similarly, SBR is used by mixing with natural rubber(NR) and butadiene rubber(BR). The composition of a rubber article affects its physical and chemical properties. Herein, an analytical method for determining the microstructure of SBR using via pyrolysis is introduced. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry is widely used to analyze the microstructure of polymeric materials. The microstructure of SBR can be determined by analyzing the principal pyrolysis products formed from SBR, such as 4-vinylcyclohexene, styrene, 2-phenylpropene, 3-phenylcyclopentene, and 4-phenylcyclohexene. An analytical method for determining the composition of SBR/NR, SBR/BR, and SBR/NR/BR blends via pyrolysis is introduced. The composition of blended rubber can be determined by analyzing the principal pyrolysis products formed from each rubber component.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.182-188
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• 1994

Poly(butadiene-g-MMA) was synthesized by grafting methyl metharcylate on polybutadiene which is intrinsically incompatible with poly(mothy methacrylate)(PMMA) and this graft copolymer was blended with PMMA. Mechanical properties of PMMA-poly(butadiene-g-MMA) blends and PMMA-polybutadiene blends, such as impact strength, tensile strength and haze were determined. Morphological changes of the blends as a function of graft percentage were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical properties of PMMA-poly(butadiene-g-MMA) blends were better than PMMA-polybutndiene blends. Especially, mechanical properties of PMMA-poly(butadiene-g-MMA) blends were improved nth increasing graft percentage of MMA.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.172-178
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• 2021

The wear behavior of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and butadiene rubber (BR) was investigated using a blade-type abrader with a steel blade (SB), Ti-coated tungsten carbide blade (TiB), or zirconia blade (ZB). The wear rate of SBR against SB and TiB decreased with increasing number of revolutions because of the blunting of the blades during wear. However, the wear rate of SBR against ZB remained nearly constant with little blade blunting. Generally, the wear rate of BR was largely unaffected by the blade material used for abrasion. The wear rate and frictional coefficient of SBR were found to be higher than those of BR at similar levels of frictional energy input. A power-law relationship was found between the wear rate and frictional energy input during abrasion. A well-known Schallamach pattern was observed for SBR, while a much finer pattern was observed for BR. The blade material affects the wear rate of the rubbers because the macromolecular free radicals and blade tend to undergo mechano-chemical reactions. The inorganic ZB was found to be the most inert for such a mechanism.