• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제21권5호
• /
• pp.963-980
• /
• 2016

The jib system with middle strut is widely used to achieve the large arm length in the large scale tower crane and the deployability in the mobile construction crane. In this paper, an analytical solution for the out-of-plane buckling of the jib system with middle strut is proposed. To obtain the analytical expression of the buckling characteristic equation, the method of differential equation was adopted by establishing the bending and torsional differential equation of the jib system under the instability critical state. Compared with the numerical solutions of the finite element software ANSYS, the analytical results in this work agree well with them. Therefore, the correctness of the results in this work can be confirmed. Then the influences of the lateral stiffness of the cable fixed joint, the dip angle of the strut, the inertia moment of the strut, and the horizontal position of the cable fixed joint on the out-of-plane buckling behavior of the jib system were investigated.

• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전산구조공학회 2003년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
• /
• pp.193-200
• /
• 2003

This paper presents a hybrid (i.e., integrated passive-active) system for seismic response control of a cable-stayed bridge. Because multiple control devices are operating, a hybrid control system could alleviate some of the restrictions and limitations that exist when each system is acting alone. Lead rubber bearings are used as passive control devices to reduce the earthquake-induced forces in the bridge and hydraulic actuators are used as active control devices to further reduce the bridge responses, especially deck displacements. In the proposed hybrid control system, a linear quadratic Gaussian control algorithm is adopted as a primary controller. In addition, a secondary bang-bang type (i.e., on-off type) controller according to the responses of lead rubber bearings is considered to increase the controller robustness. Numerical simulation results show that control performances of the hybrid control system are superior to those of the passive control system and slightly better than those of the fully active control system. Furthermore, it is verified that the hybrid control system with a bang-bang type controller is more robust for stiffness perturbation than the active controller with μ-synthesis method and there are no signs of instability in the overall system whereas the active control system with linear quadratic Gaussian algorithm shows instabilities in the perturbed system. Therefore, the proposed hybrid protective system could effectively be used to seismically excited cable-stayed bridges.

• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.11-20
• /
• 1992

지진이나 바람과 같은 횡방향 하중이 가해졌을 때, 일반적으로 수직한 촉에 대해서만 대칭인 단면을 갖는 교량의 주형에는 횡방향 휨에 결합된 비틂이 유발되어 특히 사장교의 케이블등에는 예상치 못했던 추가응력이 유발될 수 있다. 이러한 거동은 일반적인 뼈대요소로는 해석할 수 없으므로, 임의의 단면 형상을 갖는 기하학적 비선형 3차원 뼈대요소를 사용하여야 한다. 본 연구에서 사용한 뼈대요소의 이론적인 배경과 검증은 이전에 발표된 논문에 수록되어 있다. 본 논문에서는 주형단면의 비대칭성을 고려한 지진해석을 수행하여 휨-비틂 결합작용에 의한 거동을 연구한다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제17권6호
• /
• pp.803-824
• /
• 2014

The dynamic characterization is important in making accurate predictions of the seismic response of the hybrid structures dominated by different damping mechanisms. Different damping characteristics arise from the construction of the tower with different materials: steel for the upper part; reinforced concrete for the lower main part and interaction with supporting soil. The process of modeling damping matrices and experimental verification is challenging because damping cannot be determined via static tests as can mass and stiffness. The assumption of classical damping is not appropriate if the system to be analyzed consists of two or more parts with significantly different levels of damping, such as steel/concrete mixed structure - supporting soil coupled system. The dynamic response of structures is critically determined by the damping mechanisms, and its value is very important for the design and analysis of vibrating structures. An analytical approach capable of evaluating the equivalent modal damping ratio from structural components is desirable for improving seismic design. Two approaches are considered to define and investigate dynamic characteristics of hybrid tower of cable-stayed bridges: The first approach makes use of a simplified approximation of two lumped masses to investigate the structure irregularity effects including damping of different material, mass ratio, frequency ratio on dynamic characteristics and modal damping; the second approach employs a detailed numerical step-by step integration procedure in which the damping matrices of the upper and the lower substructures are modeled with the Rayleigh damping formulation.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.141-152
• /
• 2007

극한하중을 견딜 수 있도록 설계된 구조물이라도 내재된 확률변수의 불확실성 때문에 구조물의 응답특성을 평가하는데 있어서 기존의 결정론적 방법에 비해 확률유한요소법을 이용하는 것이 보다 합리적일 것이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 실제 시공된 사장교를 대상으로 확률변수가 교량의 안전성에 미치는 영향을 정량적으로 평가하기 위해 민감도 분석을 수행하였다. 초기형상해석을 수행한 후, 확률유한요소해석 및 민감도 분석과정의 효율성을 위해 섭동법을 이용하여 해석프로그램을 개발하였다. 개발된 해석프로그램의 정확성은 몬테카르로 시뮬레이션 방법에 의한 해석프로그램을 개발하여 검증하였다. 각각의 확률변수의 변동계수에 따른 대상 사장교의 응답에 대한 민감도 분석을 수행한 결과, 외부하중에 의한 영향이 지배적인 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 부재강성 및 케이블의 긴장력 등도 부재에 따라 큰 영향을 나타내므로, 구조물 설계 시 개발된 프로그램이 안전성 확보에 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
• /
• 제16권1호
• /
• pp.69-76
• /
• 2003

최근 들어 심해역에 대한 개발과 합섬섬유 재질 케이블의 발달로 인하여 저장력 케이블의 사용이 증가되었다. 저장력 케이블은 장력에 의한 복원력이 작기 때문에 대변위가 발생하게 되며, 따라서 기하학적 비선형이 강하게 나타나게 된다. 또한 해양환경에서는 유체 비선형도 작용하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 수치해석적 방법을 통하여 불균일하게 구성된 예인되는 저장력 케이블의 3차원 동적거동 해석을 수행한다. 수치해석에서는 유체 및 기하학적 비선형과 굽힘강성이 고려되며, 유한차분법(음해법)을 적용하여 풀이된다. 비선형 해를 구하기 위해서 뉴톤-랍슨 방법을 사용한다. 대형 행렬을 풀이하기 위하여 불록삼중대각행렬 풀이법이 적용되는데, 이 방법은 일반적인 행렬 풀이법인 가우스-조르단 방법에 비하여 계산시간을 상당히 줄일 수 있었다. 선배열 음탐 케이블에 대한 다양한 예제해석을 수행하였으며, 해석결과는 미국 우즈홀 해양연구소에서 개발된 프로그램 결과와 잘 일치하였다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
• /
• 제7권3호
• /
• pp.183-191
• /
• 2003

본 연구는 예압 가새로써 내진 보강된 RC 골조의 보강 효과를 3차원적으로 조사함이 그 목적이다. 이를 위해, 먼저 4층 규모의 RC 골조에 극한 하중을 가한 후 예압 가새를 이용하여 보강하되 보강 위치에 따라 3경우로 나누어 해석을 수행해보았다. 해석 방법으로써, 본 연구자가 앞서 행한 연구 결과에 의해 정적 붕괴 해석법이 비선형 동적 시간 이력 해석법의 대안책으로 훌륭히 쓰일 수 있음을 밝힌바 있기 때문에 정적 붕괴 해석만 적용하여 보강 전의 해석 및 보강 후의 영향에 대해서 평가하였다. 그 결과, 외주부에 설치한 가새가 커다란 비틀림 저항을 발휘했으며 예압 가새로 인해 골조에 균등한 강성 변화가 유도되어 급격한 파괴가 발생하지 않는 효과를 보였다.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국소음진동공학회 2004년도 추계학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.574-577
• /
• 2004

This paper presents a hybrid system combining lead rubber bearings and hydraulic actuators controlled by a $\mu-synthesis$ method for seismic response control of a cable-stayed bridge. A hybrid system could alleviate some of restrictions and limitations that exist when each system is acting alone because multiple control devices are operating. Therefore, the overall control performance of a hybrid system may be improved compared to each system, however the overall system robustness may be negatively impacted by active device in the hybrid system or active controller may cause instability due to small margins. Therefore, a $\mu-synthesis$ method that guarantees the robust performance is considered to enhance the possibility of real applications of the control system. The performances of the proposed control system are compared with those of passive, active, semiactive control systems and hybrid system controlled by a LQG algorithm. Furthermore, an extensive robust analysis with respect to stiffness and mass matrices perturbation and time delay of actuator is performed. Numerical simulation results show that the performances of the proposed control system are superior to those of passive system and slightly better than those of active and semiactive systems and two hybrid systems show similar control performances. Furthermore, the hybrid system controlled by a f-synthesis method shows the good robustness without loss of control performances. Therefore, the proposed control system could effectively be used to seismically excited cable-stayed bridge which contains many uncertainties.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.99-117
• /
• 2015

The Stonecutters Bridge (SCB) in Hong Kong is the third-longest cable-stayed bridge in the world with a main span stretching 1,018 m between two 298 m high single-leg tapering composite towers. A Wind and Structural Health Monitoring System (WASHMS) is being implemented on SCB by the Highways Department of The Hong Kong SAR Government, and the SCB-WASHMS is composed of more than 1,300 sensors in 15 types. In order to establish a linkage between structural health monitoring and maintenance management, a Structural Health Rating System (SHRS) with relevant rating tools and indices is devised. On the basis of a 3D space frame finite element model (FEM) of SCB and model updating, this paper presents the development of an SHR-oriented 3D multi-scale FEM for the purpose of load-resistance analysis and damage evaluation in structural element level, including modeling, refinement and validation of the multi-scale FEM. The refined 3D structural segments at deck and towers are established in critical segment positions corresponding to maximum cable forces. The components in the critical segment region are modeled as a full 3D FEM and fitted into the 3D space frame FEM. The boundary conditions between beam and shell elements are performed conforming to equivalent stiffness, effective mass and compatibility of deformation. The 3D multi-scale FEM is verified by the in-situ measured dynamic characteristics and static response. A good agreement between the FEM and measurement results indicates that the 3D multi-scale FEM is precise and efficient for WASHMS and SHRS of SCB. In addition, stress distribution and concentration of the critical segments in the 3D multi-scale FEM under temperature loads, static wind loads and equivalent seismic loads are investigated. Stress concentration elements under equivalent seismic loads exist in the anchor zone in steel/concrete beam and the anchor plate edge in steel anchor box of the towers.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.683-705
• /
• 2016

A semi-active algorithm for edgewise vibration control of the spar-type floating offshore wind turbine (SFOWT) blades, nacelle and spar platform is developed in this paper. A tuned mass damper (TMD) is placed in each blade, in the nacelle and on the spar to control the vibrations for these components. A Short Time Fourier Transform algorithm is used for semi-active control of the TMDs. The mathematical formulation of the integrated SFOWT-TMDs system is derived by using Euler-Lagrangian equations. The theoretical model derived is a time-varying system considering the aerodynamic properties of the blade, variable mass and stiffness per unit length, gravity, the interactions among the blades, nacelle, spar, mooring system and the TMDs, the hydrodynamic effects, the restoring moment and the buoyancy force. The aerodynamic loads on the nacelle and the spar due to their coupling with the blades are also considered. The effectiveness of the semi-active TMDs is investigated in the numerical examples where the mooring cable tension, rotor speed and the blade stiffness are varying over time. Except for excessively large strokes of the nacelle TMD, the semi-active algorithm is considerably more effective than the passive one in all cases and its effectiveness is restricted by the low-frequency nature of the nacelle and the spar responses.