• 농업과학연구
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.571-582
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• 2022

Cacao, a major ingredient for making chocolate, has been shown to have potent antioxidant effects. The consumption of raw cacao has beneficial effects on health. This study determined the fermentation properties of yoghurt that was manufactured with cacao nibs (Theobroma cacao L.). The pH of the yogurt containing the cacao nibs was lower than that of the control, and this reduction was both concentration and fermentation time-dependent. Furthermore, the number of lactic acid bacteria in the yogurt made with cacao and its viscosity increased in a cacao nibs dependent manner. In particular, the yoghurt with 5% cacao nibs added had the highest number of lactic acid bacteria at 48 hours at the end point of the fermentation. Whey protein degradation in yogurt containing cacao nibs increased with the fermentation time, and the organic acid production, especially lactic acid, in the yogurt containing cacao nibs increased significantly after 16 hours of fermentation. In addition, the total polyphenol content of the yogurt containing cacao nibs increased, which was proportional to the amount added. Sensory evaluations of the yogurts indicated that overall taste was less desirable as cacao nib loadings increased from 1 to 5% compared with controls. This result is due to the excessive acidity, which was strongly perceived in the absence of added sugar. The development of yogurts with cacao nibs is expected to contribute much to the appeal of fermented milk.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.583-593
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• 2022

Cacao is recognized not only as a raw material for making chocolate but also as an excellent functional food with a high antioxidant effect. The consumption of raw cacao and its processed form of cacao has a beneficial effect on health. The aim of this study was to reveal the possible biological functions of yoghurt that was prepared with added cacao nibs (Theobroma cacao L.). The 2,2-anziobis (3-ehtylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic aicd (ABTS) radical scavenging ability of yogurt containing Cacao nibs from 1 to 5% was higher than that of the control group, and the ABTS radical scavenging ability was similar in all the test groups after 12 hours of fermentation. The antibacterial activity of the control and yogurt with the cacao nibs was shown to be very strong against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus 1631, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella Typhimurium M-15 in fermented milk for 16, 24, and 48 hours, but the fermentation times at 0, 4, and 8 hours showed no activity. The Cacao nibs powder inhibited IκBα-phosphorylation in a concentration-dependent manner. The yogurt containing the cacao nibs significantly inhibited the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß and IL-6 in a concentration-dependent manner. Our development of yogurt that combines milk as a complete food and cacao nibs, which has several physiological functions, is expected to greatly contribute to research on new functional fermented milk.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.903-917
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• 2019

This study aimed to extend the shelf-life of coffee-containing milk beverage by adding Theobroma cacao (cacao nibs) extract. To prepare the beverage sample containing cacao nibs extract, 0.8% cacao nibs hydrothermal extract was aseptically injected. Qualitative changes in the beverage samples, including antioxidant effect, peroxide value (POV), caffeine content, and sensory parameters were monitored regularly during storage at 10℃, 20℃, and 30℃ for 4 wk. The inclusion of cacao nibs extract produced higher antioxidant activity compared to the control. As the storage temperature increased, the POV of all samples increased. Samples with cacao nibs extract generally displayed lower POV than the control. The caffeine content of all samples tended to decrease during storage, with the decrease accentuated by higher storage temperatures. In the shelf-life prediction using the Arrhenius model, the kinetic regressions of the cacao nibs extract-added sample and control were Y_POV=1.2212X-2.1141 (r²=0.9713) and Y_POV=1.8075X-2.0189 (r²=0.9883), respectively. Finally, the predicted shelf-life of cacao nibs-added group and control to reach the quality limit (20 meq/kg POV) were approximately 18.11 and 12.18 wk, respectively. The results collectively indicate that the addition of cacao nibs extract extends the shelf-life of the coffee-containing milk beverage and heightened the antioxidant effect.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.918-933
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• 2019

Cacao has been shown to have antioxidant effects and health benefits. However, the applicability of cacao as a meat preservative has not been thoroughly evaluated. Here, we examined the effects of cacao nib extracts (CEs) on suppression of fat oxidation and enhancement of quality characteristics of pork patties. Cacao nib powder was extracted in distilled water or 50%, 70%, or 99% ethanol. CEs prepared using 70% ethanol had the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, and the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhytdrazyl radical and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activities. Decompression-concentrated CEs prepared using 70% ethanol and 0.1% ascorbic acid were added to pork patties, and the physiochemical properties of the patties were measured. The pH of all pork patties increased during storage, but tended to decrease according to the CEs content. CEs enhanced the preservation of redness and texture of the pork patties during storage. Analysis of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in patties revealed that fat oxidation was highly suppressed in all treatment groups containing CEs during storage, and TBARS values decreased according to CE content. Treatment with 0.1% CE reduced fat oxidation to a level similar to that of treatment with 0.1% ascorbic acid. Consumer flavor preference increased according to CE content, and overall preference was the highest for patties prepared with 0.05% and 0.075% CEs. Overall, 70% ethanol was found to be the optimal concentration for extraction of cacao nibs, and adding 0.05% or 0.075% CEs to pork patties yielded the highest quality.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.68-75
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 카카오닙을 제조하기 위한 카카오콩에 대한 반열풍식 로스팅 최적 조건을 탐색하고, 콘칭 온도(50, $60^{\circ}C$)와 시간(24, 48, 72 h)을 달리하여 제조한 커버춰의 항산화 활성의 차이를 분석함으로써 기능성 커버춰의 가공조건에 대한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 라디칼 소거능 및 기능성 성분의 함량 분석 결과 카카오닙은 모든 분석 항목에서 가열하지 않은 시료가 가장 높은 값을 나타냈다. 또한 로스팅 처리군 내에서는 로스팅 초기에는 급격히 감소하였으나 25분까지는 시간 경과에 따라 항산화능이 증가하였으므로, 항산화능의 크기는 대체로 R0(raw cacao nib), R25($200^{\circ}C$, 25분 로스팅한 시료), R30($200^{\circ}C$, 30분 로스팅한 시료), R20($200^{\circ}C$, 20분 로스팅한 시료), R15($200^{\circ}C$, 15분 로스팅한 시료)의 순으로 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 커버춰는 같은 카카오매스 함량(cacao mass content, CMC)의 시료 간에는 콘칭 온도가 높을수록 항산화능이 높게 측정되었다. 종합적으로 보았을 때 로스팅 및 콘칭 공정과 같은 가열 처리는 카카오닙의 기능성 성분의 조성 변화에 영향을 주었으며, DPPH를 제외한 ABTS, 총 폴리페놀 함량, 총 플라보노이드 함량의 결과는 서로 유사한 경향을 보였다. 또한 총 플라보이드 함량을 제외한 나머지 실험 결과에서는 커버춰의 제작 시 총 플라보노이드 함량을 10% 높이는 것보다 콘칭 온도를 $10^{\circ}C$ 높이는 것이 항산화 능력을 더 많이 상승시키는 효과를 나타냈다. HPLC를 이용한 대표적인 카테킨 유래 화합물 정량 결과 카카오닙에서는 생시료가 4가지 항목 모두에서 로스팅을 거친 시료들에 비해 높은 값을 보였다(P<0.05). Procyanidin B1은 군 간 유의적인 차이가 없었고, procyanidin B2와 catechin, epicatechin의 함량은 모두 로스팅 시간이 25분 이내인 경우에 증가하였으나, 30분 로스팅을 거친 시료(R30)는 감소하였다(P<0.05). 따라서 $200^{\circ}C$에서 25분 동안 로스팅을 처리한 시료(R25)가 기능성 성분을 가장 많이 함유한 것으로 분석되었다. 커버춰의 경우 대체로 콘칭 시간이 경과할수록 procyanidin B1의 함량이 증가하였다. Procyanidin B2와 catechin, epicatechin은 모든 시료에서 48시간 동안 콘칭을 거친 시료가 유의적으로 높은 값을 보였으므로, $60^{\circ}C$에서 48시간 동안 콘칭을 거친 70% CMC의 커버춰(HH48)가 모든 시료들 중 가장 많은 카테킨 유래 화합물을 함유한 것으로 나타났다.