• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.10-19
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to analyze the formation and change of road-block-lot of the old inner city in cheongju The result of this study are as follows; (I)Among others a system roads of in around the old castle in cheongju city is most of feature north and south direction of road. Lot system is organic relations of north and south direction of road. Therefore, urban tissue in around the old castle in cheongju city is established order road system keep on the change of expansion urban tissue. (2) Block type classified into non-division, 2division and over 3division. (3) The square block remains mostly in Cheongju old castle, two-division block was around south of castle. And block of the grid-form street system divided into over 3 division. Through the guideline about characteristic of block type, residential area should be developed as a characteristics area in the urban area.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.1
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• pp.89-101
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• 2001

The purpose of this study ins to verify the characteristic location of Byungyoung Castle, physical type, inside spatial organization, and the scheme of Byungyoung Castle. The study utilizes historic literature, ancient maps related to Byungyoung Castle, topographical and cadastral maps which were published under the rule of Japanese Imperialism Castle, topographical and cadastral maps which were published under the rule of Japanese Imperialism and the topographical maps which were made recently by National Geographic Institute with various scales. The methodology of the study is to interpret the contents from the historic literature on the site map. The methodology of the study is to interpret the contents from the historic literature on the site map. The result of the study is as follows; Byungyoung Castle does duty as a defensive base for the entire country and has a specific character of location that has the dual function of a mountain fortress for national defense and of a village fortress for the town. Byungyoung Castle has four gates on four sides and has a oval shape very close to a circular form. The road construction inside the castle is composed basically of a cross shape. Byungyoung is located in the northwest area of this major road system. The private houses that lie along the north-south road are build up at the core area of the lower level and the town market built up around the south gate becomes the heart of life for the people. Schematically, it has the same pattern as regular village fortress, in that the houses for the guests and the houses for the public office are arranged to the east and the west. It is considered that there is certain functional parallel between Byungyoug Castle and Ulsan castle because there are no facilities for sacrificial rites no institutional budding.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.174-191
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• 2021

Gangdo (江都), a reproduction of Gaegyeong, was the capital of Goryeo for 39 years. However, due to the urgent wartime situation of the Mongol invasion and the geographical features of Ganghwa Island, the castle system and palace layout were somewhat different from those of Gaegyeong. Gangdo's castle can be understood as a triple castle system consisting of outer castle, middle castle, and inner castle. First, the outer castle was the first to be completed, and it was built at the forefront to prevent the Mongol army from invading in the first place. It is presumed that the section was between Huamdon and Hwadodon in the outer castle during the Joseon Dynasty. The middle castle can be seen as the present 'Middle Castle', a castle built of earth on the outskirts of the Ganghwa-mountain Castle. Considering the sophistication and robustness of the construction method confirmed in the archaeological research, this castle is thought to have been built under a meticulous plan. In other words, as the capital city, it was completed 'at last' as recorded in the Koryo History, after a long 18-year construction process to protect palaces, government offices, and private houses. The inner castle was a castle with the character of a palace. This corresponds to the Old Castle of Ganghwabu (江華府) during the Joseon Dynasty, and it almost coincided with the scale of the composition of Gaegyeong's palace castle. It was a complex functional space, featuring the integration of the palace and the imperial castle, where the main government offices and ancillary facilities, including the palace, were located. Based on the documentary record that these palaces were similar to Gaegyeong's palace, the palace map was overlapped with that of Gaegyeong. The central axis of the building from Seungpyeongmun (昇平門) to Seongyeongjeon (宣慶殿) coincided with Kim Sangyongsunjeol Monument in Ganghwa- Goryeo Palace. Therefore, it seems that the palace of Gangdo had the same basic structure as that of Gaegyeong. However, the inner palace and annexed buildings must have been arranged in consideration of the topographical conditions of Ganghwa, and this is estimated to be the Gunggol area in Gwancheong-ri.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.89-96
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• 2013

This study aims to clarify the transformation of urban spatial structure around old castle in cheong-ju city. The urban spatial structure is composed with road system, block division, and lot system with original cadastral map in 1913 and 2011 GIS. Transformation of road system is classified into control of road line, construction and extension of road. Construction of arterial road was divided into Nam-juro and Mang-sunro with 2 blocks and lot system was destoyed. Transformation of block has not been developed except 4 blocks. The 4 blocks were divided into east-west or north-south direction and became 8 blocks. Transformation of lot system is classified into maintained, subdivided, and destroyed lots in shape and size of lots. Maintained lots were found in large lot in size for public office and park. Subdivided lots were mainly represented with the existing main road, an active alleys, and so on. Destroyed lots by road construction and extension were showed in Nam-juro. Although all these transformations are used to enhance urban spatial structure. The old systems have remained around old castle in cheong-ju city.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2004

Objectives: In the past, latent dreams were emphasized in the psychiatric field, but these days the interest in manifest dreams is increasing as ego psychology develops. Hall and Nordby proposed that there are similarities between manifest dreams and real life. The Hall/Van de Castle System is a method of dream content analysis, which considers both the quantitive and qualitive analytic aspects of manifest dreams. Methods: The dreams of 232 males and females (M：F=127：105；mean age=21.02.7) were collected through the Most Recent Dream Method. Collected data were analyzed using the Hall/Van de Castle System. Results: Female subjects tended to be more detailed and meticulous in reporting their dreams. The dreams of male subjects showed a higher percentage in self-negativity (2=6.64, df=1, p=0.004), and the dreams of female subjects showed a higher percentage in group character (2=6.64, df=1, p=0.0099), dreamer-involved success (2=3.12, df=1, p=0.048), and good fortune (2=4.52, df=1, p=0.034). Conclusion: This study suggests the norm of dream content of Korean college students, and it presents the differences between Korean males and females, and between Korean college students and American college students. This study may contribute to further studies on dream content analysis.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.38-55
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• 2021

Cherwon Castle is located in Pungcheonwon, Cherwon, in the center of the Korean Peninsula. Currently, it is split across the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between the two Koreas. It attracts attention as a symbol of inter-Korean reconciliation and as cultural heritage that serves as data in making important policy decisions on the DMZ. Despite its importance, however, there has not been sufficient investigation and research done on Cherwon Castle. This is due to the difficulty involved in investigation and research and is caused by the site's inaccessibility. As a solution, the current investigative methods in satellite and aerial archeology can be applied to interpret and analyze the structure of Cherwon Castle and the features of its inner space zoning. Cherwon Castle was built on the five flat hills that begin in the northern mountainous hills and stretch to the southwest. The inner and outer walls were built mainly on the hilly ridges, and the palace wall was built surrounding a flat site that was created on the middle hill. For each wall, the sites of the old gates, which were erected in various directions , have been identified. They seem to have been built to fit the direction of buildings in the castle and the features of the terrain. The castle was built in a diamond shape. The old sites of the palace and related buildings and landforms related to water drainage were identified. It was verified that the roads and the gates were built to run from east to west in the palace. In the spaces of the palace and the inner castle, flat sites were created to fit different landforms, and building sites were arranged there. Moreover, the contour of a reservoir that is believed to be the old site of a pond has been found; it lies on the vertical extension of the center line that connects the palace and the inner castle. Between the inner castle and the outer castle, few vestiges of old buildings were found, although many flat sites were discovered. Structurally, Cherwon Castle is rotated about nine degrees to the northeast, forming a planar rectangle. The planar structure derives from the castle design that mimics the hilly landform, and the bending of the southwestern wall also attests to the intention of the architects to avoid the wetland. For now, it is impossible to clearly describe the functions and characters of the building sites inside the castle. However, it is believed that the inner castle was marked out for space for the palace and government offices, while the space between the outer and inner castle was reserved as the living space for ordinary people. The presence of the hilly landform diminishes the possibility that a bangri (grid) zoning system existed. For some of the landforms, orderly zoning cannot be ruled out, as flat areas are commonly seen. As surveys have yet to be conducted on the different castles, the time when the walls were built and how they were constructed cannot be known. Still, the claim to that the castle construction and the structuring of inner spaces were inspired by the surrounding landforms is quite compelling.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2012

Most of all Castle Remains in Korea were built on an axis of development with a scale of great magnitude. Because of its characteristics, the restoration and conservation plans should be phased in over medium and long term. There is no standards for evaluating the value of Castle Remains to set up the restoration and conservation sections. Some plans were set up through the value evaluation of its Castle Remains but those plans didn't have Evaluation System and different weight depending on different environment between Sanseong(mountain fortress) and Eupsung(fortress built in villages). To solve the limitation of Evaluation System of Castle Remains, this study try to approach in the Evaluation System methodology for selecting restoration sections. The results of its study follow below. First, this study drew the Evaluation Indices for selecting restoration sections of Castle Remains. There are three kinds of Elements(upper Index) and nine kinds of Evaluations(low Index). Second, Calculation of weight index by index on the questionnaire survey from expers through the relative importance analysis of AHP. Third, This study suggests the specific Evaluation System according to types; Sanseong(mountain fortress) and Eupsung(fortress built in villages);. Therefore, this study suggests standards to select the priority list for the restoration and conservation plan process and it can be used one of important standards in future plans.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.19-29
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• 2018

This study examines the 1960s' townscape through the small-scale restoration model in Seongan-dong and Jungang-dong, Cheongju, one of the historical cities in South Korea. In the 1960s, Jungang-dong actively was developed outside the north gate of Cheongju castle, and Cheongju's townscape was changed by the relocation of railway station and construction of city hall. In the streetscape, the new roads, the east-west Sajik-ro and north-south Sangdang-ro were opened instead of old railroads, and they clarified the typical grid road system with the existing Seongan-ro, which connected north and south gate of the old castle. In the buildingscape, city hall was built in front of the railway station outside the north gate of old castle, and had a great effect on the existing buildings and facilities. The public, educational, and commercial buildings had been replaced by reinforced concrete, and the cement brick & block public housing were distributed widely. But the existing dwelling areas, located in the inside of old castle and outside south gate, showed the low and dense townscape, sustaining the former streets and building types.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.346-361
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• 2013

Since the Ming Castle located in Nanjing was designated by the Government of China as a cultural property in 1988, the Nanjing city government has been conserving the castle according to its plan and thus restoring the historical and cultural values of Nanjing. The project is still in progress, and in this regard, a series of logistics have formulated and a lot of discussions have taken place. Likewise, Korea has been carrying out multidirectional policies to conserve and utilize castles lying throughout the country, appreciating the historical and cultural resources of castles lying throughout the country, and at the same time gets down to designation as the World Heritage. This study focused on how Nanjing, not only a castle city but also a historical city, had established a principle and legal foundation regarding the protection of the Ming Castle, especially on how the problems, which might continually arise in a process where a scheme reached a working stage, had been solved. The problem-solving process is expected to have great implications for Korea in a similar situation. Hereat, this study analyzed the project plans formulated seasonally and gathered data on practical operation by conducting interviews with hands-on workers. The results showed that Nanjing had carried out policies to utilize the castles as tourism resources by harmonizing cityscape and ecological environment, but that it well conserved castles without damaging cultural assets. The stereoscopic protection system for the Ming Castle, based on the consideration of historical and cultural environments, may provide practical and useful data for Korea's administration mapping out for a castle conservation policy and designation as the UNESCO World Heritage.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 1998

This study makes a general view of human-, natural environment, actual condition of use, management and administration of Sissinghurst castle garden and proposes the following directions for our model of herb industry, herb garden plan with the analysed results. 1) The location of herb garden should be selected at a place where Is close to scenic spots, sight-seeing place or big city and conveniently situated, 2) For the basic design of herb garden, the ecological features, human -, natural environment should be analysed and for the implementation of the plan, it should have variety and coordination to give the pleasure and appreciation to the users. 3) For the plan of herb garden, time limit system and number limit admission have to be introduced by calculating carrying capacity so that the user can have a comfortable atmosphere and the garden should be environment - friendly.