• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.724-730
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• 2006

Two types of powdered chungkookjang, were prepared by a hot air-drying process, and the freeze-drying, and composition and aroma patterns were examined. The fresh chungkookjang was composed of 53.8% moisture, while the hot air-dried and freeze-dried powdered chungkookjang contained 5.2% moisture, $39.3{\sim}39.4%$ crude protein, $18.6{\sim}18.7%$ crude lipid, $4.7{\sim}5.0%$ crude ash, and $31.7{\sim}32.2%$ carbohydrate. The pH of the each powered chungkookjang was similar, ranging from 6.5 to 6.7. The freeze-dried powdered chungkookjang showed the highest lightness (67.30), yellowness (59.37) while the highest redness (43.1) was observed in the hot air-dried chungkookjang. Each chungkookjang was analysed by an electronic nose with metal oxide 12 sensors and SPME-GC/MS. The response by the electronic nose was analysed by principal component analysis (PCA). The proportion of the first principal component was 90.47%, suggesting that each aroma pattern of the prepared chungkookjang was discriminated. SPME-GC/MS was used to identify the pyrazines. The percentage of pyrazines observed in the fresh chungkookjang, freeze-dried powdered chungkookjang, and hot air-dried powdered chungkookjang was 6.6, 3.8 and 15.9%, respectively. A higher overall preference was obtained from the hot air-dried powdered chungkookjang than with the freeze-dried powdered chungkookjang.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.347-356
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• 2006

It is reported that a fermented soybean food, Doenjang, has srong antimutagenic and cytotoxic effect on cancer cells. This study investigated the effect of Chungkookjang, another traditional popular Korean soybean fermented food, on growth of cancer cells: HL-60, SNU-638 and MCF-7, and also its in vivo antitumorigenic effect in DMBA-induced mammary tumor rat model. For the in vitro study, Chungkookjang and steamed soybeans were extracted with ethanol and sequentially fractioned with 5 kinds of solvents differing in grades of polarity such as hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, butanol and water. Almost all Chungkookjang extracts significantly inhibited the growth of HL-60 (human leukemic cancer cell), SNU-638 (human gastric cancer cell) and MCF-7 (human breast cancer cell) when compared to steamed soybean extracts. Butanol fraction of Chungkookjang extract especially showed a remarkable inhibitory effect in all the three kinds of cancer cells. To induce a mammary gland tumor, DMBA (50 mg/BW) was administered to 50 day-old female rats and followed by Chungkookjang or steamed soybean supplemented diets. Freezedried Chungkookjang powder (20% of diet in wet weight) was added to AIN-93G based diet for the Chungkookjang group of rats. Likewise, steamed soybean powder containing equal protein content to that of Chungkookjang powder was supplemented to soybean group of rats. At 13 weeks later, the mammary tumor incidence, average tumor number and tumor weight a rat were lower in Chungkookjang group compared to the control or soybean group. In conclusion, Chungkookjang showed a strong inhibitory effect on cancer cell growth in vitro, as well as a more preventive effect against chemically induced mammary tumorigenesis in vivo, while steamed soybeans did not. Therefore, these results suggest that Chungkookjang acquire its anticancer activity through the fermentation process.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.160-167
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• 2013

In order to investigate changes in quality and enzyme activity during Chungkookjang fermentation, germinated- and nongerminated yellow soybeans were fermented by Bacillus subtilis and traditional methods. When the soybean was soaked for 6 h and then watered for 4 days with 2 h-interval at $25^{\circ}C$, the highest germination rate was obtained. The germinated soybeans had a higher total isoflavone ($988.4{\mu}g/g$) than that of the nongerminated soybeans ($859.5{\mu}g/g$). Amino type nitrogen contents, protease and amylase activities were higher in germinated soybean Chungkookjang, which was fermented with B. subtilis, than nongerminated soybean Chungkookjang, which was fermented with B. subtilis and traditional methods. Reducing sugar and amino type nitrogen contents, the number of viable cells and protease and amylase activities, were higher for Chungkookjang fermented with B. subtilis, than Chungkookjang fermented by traditional methods. ALP and SOD activities in the Chungkookjang diet group were considerably higher than in the control group. AST activity in the germinated soybean Chungkookjang diet group was higher than in the nongerminated soybean Chungkookjang diet group. In conclusion, it is suggested that Chungkookjang prepared with germinated soybeans using B. subtilis D7 could be practically used as a functional product.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.892-896
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• 2003

High-level expression of the lipase B26 gene from Bacillus pumilus was achieved using Bacillus subtilis Chungkookjang isolated from the Korean traditional fermented bean paste, Chungkookjang. For the secretory production of recombinant lipase B26 in a Bacillus host system, pLipB26 was constructed by ligating the lipase B26 gene into the recently designed Escherichia coli-Bacillus shuttle vector, pLipSM, and that was then transformed into B. subtilis Chungkookjang. Among the various vector, medium, and host combinations, B. subtilis Chungkookjang harboring the pLipB26 exhibited the highest lipase activity in PY medium, and B. subtilis Chungkookjang secreted two times more enzymes than B. subtilis DB 104 under the same condition. When B. subtilis Chungkookjang harboring the pLipB26 was cultured in a 5-1 jar-fermentor containing 21 of a PY medium, the maximum lipase activity (140 U/ml) and production yield (0.68 g/l) were obtained during the late exponential phase from a cell-free culture broth. Although B. subtilis Chungkookjang also secreted extracellular proteases at the late exponential phase, these results suggested the potential of B. subtilis Chungkookjang as a host for the secretory production of foreign proteins.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.54-60
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• 2003

To develop a functional chungkookjang; the anticancer effects of chungkookjangs prepared with different varieties of soybeans, starters, fermentation periods and seasoning additive ratios; were studied against AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells using the MTT assay, at different stages chungkookjang processing. The chungkookjang samples exerted different antiproliferative effects according to the variety of soybeans used. The chungkookjangs manufactured with soybean var. manrikong exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against AGS human cancer cells. The chungkookjangs fermented with rice straw and B. licheniformis strongly inhibited the growth of the AGS human cancer cells. All fermented chungkookjangs had a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of the cancer cells; however, the non-fermented soybean (chungkookjang) showed a low inhibition rate. The fermented chungkookjangs mixed with red pepper powder (RPP) and garlic exhibited strong antiproliferative effect against the cancer cells, and chungkookjang prepaved with 1.1 % RPP and 1.1 % garlic showed the highest cytotoxicity against the cancer cells. The functional chungkookjang fermented with soybean variety of manrikong and B. licheniformis for 3 days at 4$0^{\circ}C$ and then mixed with 7.9% salt, 1.l% RPP and 1.1% garlic, exhibited a higher antiproliferative effect than the chungkookjangs prepared by traditional or modified methods, according to the MTT assay. The functional chungkookjang exhibited a similar anticancer effect to the traditional doenjang. These results indicate that the fermentation period and the ratio of seasoning additives, as well as the variety of soybeans and starter cultures may affect the degree of the anticancer effect of chungkookjang.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.176-181
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• 2004

Bacillus subtilis p01 균주를 사용한 청국장 제조 시 유카 추출물의 첨가가 청국장의 숙성중 품질 특성에 미치는 영향을 검토하고자 청국장 숙성 과정중의 아미노태 질소, 암모니아태 질소, amylase 활성, pretense 활성, 유기산 성분의 변화, 향기성분의 변화를 조사하였다. 청국장의 숙성 중 아미노태질소 함량은 유카 첨가구에서 증가 하였으며, 암모니아태 질소는 유카 첨가구에서 감소하였다. Amylase 활성은 유카 첨가구들이 대조구와 비교 시 높게 나타났으며, 유카 추출물을 0.5 mg/g 첨가 시 효소활성이 가장 높았다. Pretense 활성 역시 유카 추출물 첨가구가 무첨가구보다 다소 높게 나타났다. 유기산은 유카 첨가구들에서 citric acid, acetic acid, malic acid가 검출되었고, 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine이 증가하였고, 불쾌취로 작용되는 cis-3-hexane이 숙성 기간 중 감소함을 보였다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 가정에서 제조한 청국장으로부터 순수분리한 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens C2를 이용하여 콩 종류와 발효온도에 따른 청국장의 품질 특성 변화를 조사하였다. Protease 활성은 $35^{\circ}C$에서 배양했을 때 황태 청국장에서 854 U/g, 흑태 청국장에서 847 U/g로 가장 높았다. Amylase 활성은 황태 청국장의 경우, $40^{\circ}C$에서 3.87 U/g, 흑태 청국장은 $45^{\cricr}C$에서 4.96 U/g로 가장 높았다. 환원당 함량은 황태 청국장의 경우, $40^{\circ}C$에서 16.11 mg/g, 흑태 청국장은 $45^{\circ}C$에서 19.08 mg/g으로 가장 높았다. 아미노태 질소 함량의 경우, 황태 청국장은 $40^{\circ}C$에서 420 mg%/g, 흑태 청국장은 194 mg%/g로 가장 높았다. pH의 경우, 황태 청국장은 $40^{\circ}C$에서 7.92, 흑태 청국장은 $45^{\circ}C$에서 7.59로 가장 높았다. 황태 및 흑태 청국장의 생균수는 각각 $40^{\circ}C$ 및 $35^{\circ}C$에서 9.3 log CFU/g로 가장 높았다. 반면에 암모니아태 질소 함량은 황태 청국장의 경우, $45^{\circ}C$에서 225 mg%/g, 흑태 청국장은 $40^{\circ}C$에서 80 mg%/g로 가장 낮았다. 황태 청국장은 높은protease 활성, pH 및 아미노태 질소함량을 나타내었다. 반면에, 흑태 청국장은 높은 amylase 활성과 환원당 함량 및 낮은 암모니아태 질소 함량을 나타내었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.529-536
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 Bacillus subtilis D7과 발아콩을 이용하여 발효된 청국장의 특성을 조사하였다. 백태는 6시간 침지 후, $25^{\circ}C$에서 2시간마다 4일 동안 물을 공급했을 때, 발아율이 가장 높았다. 총 이소플라본 함량은 발아 전 971.3 ${\mu}g/g$이었고, 발아 후 1023.8 ${\mu}g/g$이었다. 실험에 사용된 모든 청국장에서 아미노태 질소 및 암모니아태 질소 함량은 배양시간이 경과함에 따라 증가하였고, 청국장의 pH는 발효과정을 통하여 pH 7.8-8.0로 증가하였다. 청국장의 생균수는 발효 24시간까지 급증한 후, 약간 감소하였다. 청국장의 protease 활성은 발효 30-36시간까지 증가하였고, B. subtilis D7를 이용한 청국장의 ${\alpha}$- 및 ${\beta}$-amylase 활성은 발효 12-18시간까지 증가하였다. 청국장을 섭취한 마우스의 ALP 활성과 SOD 활성은 대조군보다 매우 높았다. AST 활성은 미발아콩 청국장 섭취군보다 발아콩 청국장 섭취군에서 더 높았다. 결론적으로 B. subtilis D7을 이용하여 조제된 발아콩 청국장은 품질 특성이 향상되었고, 기능성 성분의 함량이 증가되었다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.423-428
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• 1990

재래식 발효 청국장으로부터 분리한 8균주 중 phytase 생산성이 높은 3균주는 Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Staphylococcus epidermidis로 동정되었다. 이들 phytase 생산균주를 단독 또는 혼합균주로 하여 35-$40^{\circ}C$와 pH 7.0의 최적조건에서 5일 동안 청국장을 발효시켰을 때 최대의 phytase 생산성을 보였으며 glutamic acid와 leucine 등의 일부 아미노산과 riboflavin의 함량이 증가되고 phytic acid 의 분해율도 재래식 청국장에서 보다 훨씬 높았다. 특히 B.subtilis와 B.licheniformis의 혼합균주로 발효시켰을 때 phytic acid 함량의 감소가 현저하였다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.54-58
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• 2007

청국장은 미생물, 효소, 다양한 생리활성물질을 포함하는 대두발효식품으로 정장, 핼액순환개선 효과 등이 알려져 있다. 청국장에 존재하는 isoflavone이 유방암, 전립선암의 억제와 관련이 있을 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 HPLC와 Mass 분석을 통해 분말청국장 100% ethanol추출물에 aglycone 형태의genistein, daidzein, glyciten이 존재함을 확인했다. 당이 붙어 있는 genistin, daidzin, OH기가 추가적으로 붙어 있는 8-OH-genistein, 8-OH-daidzein은 존재하지 않았다. Estrogen 수용체에는 $ER{\alpha},ER{\beta}$가 있다. $ER{\alpha}$는 유방암, 전립선암의 촉진에, $ER{\beta}$는 이들 암의 억제와 관련이 있을 것으로 추정한다. 인간의 estrogen 수용체가 cloning되어 있는 효모의 전사촉진 assay를 이용하여, 청국장에 있는 isoflavone이 $ER{\beta}_{1}$를 선택적으로 자극할 수 있음을 확인했다.