• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.357-364
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• 2009

Phospholipids are crucially important in a cell membrane function and could thereby influence antibiotic susceptibility. In order to investigate the antifungal mechanism the total lipid was extracted from C. albicans treated with citronellol or thymol in concentration of their minimum inhibiting concentration and the changes in phospholipids composition were analyzed using ketoconazole as control. The cell growth and total lipid synthesis in cell walls of C. albicans were inhibited by treatment with citronellol. The levels of total lipids were decreased by 35.85% compared to the control. They also showed a significant decrease in the contents of phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine(PC), phosphatidyl ethanolamine(PE) and phosphatidylinositol(PI). As the result of GC assay for total fatty acid methyl esters of PC, PE and PI in C. albicans treated with citronellol, it was found that the major fatty acid composed of three phospholipid were palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid. Moreover, the pattern of the fatty acid compositions of PC, PE and PI were changed by the oil. Based on the results, the anti-Candida mechanism of citronellol or thymol might be closely associated with disrupting the permeability barriers of the fungal cell wall composition or construction.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1333-1336
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to characterize the aromas of rose tea and rosehip tea. Aroma compounds were extracted by simultaneous distillation and extraction method using a Likens and Nickerson's extraction apparatus. The concentrated aroma extracts were analyzed and identified by GC and GC-MS. Thirty-eight compounds, including phenylethyl alcohol, citronellol, menthol, menthone, linalool and geraniol, were isolated and identified in rose tea. Thirty-six compounds, including menthol, $\alpha$-anethole, $\alpha$-terpinolene, menthone, linalool and 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one, were isolated and identified in rosehip tea. Large amounts of phenyl ethyl alcohol and citronellol were found in rose tea, while large amounts of menthol and $\alpha$-anethole were found in rosehip tea.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1666-1671
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• 2008

The mite-control activities of materials obtained from Pelargonium graveolens oil against Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus were examined using an impregnated fabric disk bioassay and were compared with those shown by commercial benzyl benzoate and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). Purification of the biologically active constituents from P. graveolens oil was done by silica gel chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. The structures of the active components were analyzed by EI/MS, $^{1}H$-NMR, $^{13}C$-NMR, $^{1}H-^{13}C$ COSY-NMR, and DEPT-NMR spectra, and were identified as geraniol ($C_{10}H_{18}O$, MW 154.25, trans-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-l-ol) and $\beta$-citronellol ($C_{10}H_{20}O$, MW 156.27, 3,7-dimethyl-6-octen-l-o1). Based on the $LD_{50}$ values, the most toxic compound was geraniol (0.26${\mu}g/cm^{2}$), followed by $\beta$-citronellol (0.28${\mu}g/cm^{2}$), benzyl benzoate (10.03${\mu}g/cm^{2}$), and DEET (37.12${\mu}g/cm^{2}$) against D. farillae. In the case of D. pteronyssinus, geraniol (0.28${\mu}g/cm^{2}$) was the most toxic, followed by $\beta$-citronellol (0.29${\mu}g/cm^{2}$), benzyl benzoate (9.58${\mu}g/cm^{2}$), and DEET (18.23${\mu}g/cm^{2}$). These results suggest that D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus may be controlled more effectively by the application of geraniol and $\beta$-citronellol than benzyl benzoate and DEET. Furthermore, geraniol and $\beta$-citronellol isolated from P. graveolens could be useful for managing populations of D. farinae and D. pterollyssinus.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.483-487
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• 2003

The antimicrobial activity of the omija extract shown at pH 6.5, which was observed in the previous research, suggested that there could be active substances other than citric acid and malic acid in the Omija extract. Therefore, attempts were made to identify antimicrobial compounds in the essential oils extracted from Omija. The results of silica gel column chromatography and GC-MS revealed that terpineol and citronellol in the essential oil were the active compounds.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.111-115
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• 1993

Essential oil of the root of Angelica koreana Max. (Umbelliferae) was investigated. Essential oil was obtained from the dried roots by steam distillation and fractionated by column chromatography. Each isolate or fraction was identified by GC, GC-MS and spectral analysis. It was found to contain nine monoterpenes such as ${\alpha}-pinene$(7.0%), camphene, ${\beta}-pinene$, myrcene, ${\alpha}-phellandrene$, ${\Delta}-3-carene$, p-cymene, limonene(2.8%), terpinolene and also found to contain m-cresol(11.6%), citronellol, citral b, methylcinnamate, eudesmol and osthol. 2-Hydroxy-5-methylacetophenone and twelve compounds were tentatively identified.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.98-107
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• 1995

천연물 중 casbene-type diterpenoid의 하나인 crotonitenone의 합성이 시도되었다. 합성 방법으로는 crotonitenone의 각 부분을 먼저 합성하여 이들을 합하는 방법(convergent method)을 적용하였으며, 각 부분이 최종물질에 적합한 sterochemistry를 갖게 하기 위하여 시작물질로는 chiron으로 S-(-)-citronellol과 IS-chrysanthemic acid를 사용하였다. 환구조를 형성하는데 중요한 역할을 할 TBDMS protecting group이 붙은 phosphonium salt(synthon A) 가 고압반응으로부터 고수율 (70%)로 생성되었다. 또한, 중요한 반응으로서 synthon A와 hydroxy lactone(synthon B)과의 Witting reaction이 성공적으로 이루어졌다. 그러나, TBDMS protecting group의 존재하에 이중 치환된 이중결합(disubstituted double bond)과 삼중치환된 것과의 선택적인 환원의 어려움으로 인하여 최종 물질의 합성방법이 재고되었으며 이에 대해 간단히 논하였다.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.203-207
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• 2002

The antifungal activities of the essential oils from Anthemis nobilis, Ciderus atlantica, Juniperus communis, Lavandula angustifolia, Pelargonium graveolens, Pogestemon patchouli, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Styrax tonkinensis which are recommended for the treatment of microbial infections in aromatherapy and complementary medicines were tested against Candida spp. The activities were measured by broth dilution method and disk diffusion assay. Most of the test oils inhibited growth of Candida albicans, C. utilis and C. tropicalis. Especially, the essential oil from Pelargonium graveolens and its main component, citronellol showed the strongest activity among the herbs except benzoic acid from Styrax tonkinensis which is well-known antimicrobial compound. As a result of checkerboard microtiter test. synergistic effect of citronellol, was shown when the component was combinated with ketoconazole, displaying a fractional inhibiting concentration (FIC) index of 0.37 against C. albicans.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.389-393
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• 2003

The essential oils from Cedrus atlantica, Styrax tonkinensis, Juniperus communis, Lavandula angustifolia, Melaleuca alternifolia, Pelargonium graveolens, Pogestemon patchouli and Rosmarinus officinalis were analyzed by GC-MS. Antifungal activities of the oils were investigated by disk diffusion assay and the broth dilution method against Aspergillus niger and A. flavus. The effects of geraniol and the essential oil fraction from P. graveolens on the antifungal activity of amphotericin Band ketoconazole were examined using a checkerboard microtiter assay against both Aspergillus fungi. Most of the tested essential oils, with the exception of C. atlantica, J. communis, and P. patchouli, significantly inhibited growth of A. niger and to a lesser extent that of A. fIavus, with MICs (minimal inhibitory concentrations) in the range 0.78-12.5 mg/mL. The essential oil fraction of P. graveolens and its main components, geraniol and citronellol, exhibited additive effects with amphotericin B and with ketoconazole against both Aspergillus species, resulting in fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices ranging from 0.52 to 1.00.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 2015

Four varieties of the Korean sweet potato, Yeonmi, Jeungmi, Shincheonmi, and Shinyeulmi, were chosen to prepare the distilled koguma-soju (sweet potato-soju). The relationship between the flavor of the koguma-soju and the content of monoterpene alcohols (MTAs) was studied. The MTAs investigated here were linalool, nerol, geraniol, citronellol, and ${\alpha}$-terpineol. The ranges of MTA concentrations in the koguma-soju made from the four sweet potato varieties were $14.0-16.6{\mu}g/L$ for nerol, $24.8-34.7{\mu}g/L$ for linalool, $32.8-38.5{\mu}g/L$ for geraniol, $37.8-54.2{\mu}g/L$ for citronellol, and $76.6-94.7{\mu}g/L$ for ${\alpha}$-terpineol. Geraniol, nerol, and linalool were found in lower concentrations, while ${\alpha}$-terpineol was present in a higher concentration compared to their average content in the imo-shochu, a distilled Japanese sweet potato-soju. The concentrations of citronellol in the koguma-soju and imo-shochu were similar. The flavor evaluation tests revealed that the koguma-soju produced from the Yeonmi variety had a leafy vegetable or a grass-like, sharp flavor, whereas the Jeungmi-soju was characterized by a fruity or a sulfur-like sharp taste. Floral, vanilla-like, and mild flavors were predominant in the Shincheonmi-soju, while the Shinyeulmi-soju had either a fruity, citrus-like flavor or a rubber-like, rough taste. This study demonstrates that koguma-soju made from different sweet potato varieties have unique characteristic flavors.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1994

This study was carried out to investigate the changes in volatile constituents concerning with the flavor of the green ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) during storage in underground pit ($15^{\circ}C$, RH 95%). And the constituents of essential oil of etiolated shoots formed on the mother rhizomes during the five months storage in the dark under same conditions were compared with those of mother rhizomes. The essential oils of Korean domestic ginger (Bong-dong cultivar) were isolated by simultaneous steam distillation and extraction method (SDE). Then the compositions of the essential oils were analysed by GC and GC-MS spectrometry. The major compounds of essential oil from the fresh rhizomes were zingiberene, $citronellol+{\beta}-sesquiphellandrene$, ${\beta}-phellandrene$, camphene, geranial, ${\gamma}-bisabolene$, ar-curcumene+geranyl acetate, ${\alpha}-pinene$, ${\beta}-gurjunene$, limonene and neral. The content of monoterpene hydrocarbons increased with a concomitant lowering in the amounts of sesquiterpene hrdrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes during storage of rhizomes although contents of the oxygenated monoterpens changed little or slightly during the storage. During the storage the content of such monoterpenes as camphene, ${\beta}-phellandrene$ and citral (neral and geranial) increased whereas the content of such sesquiterpenes as zingiberene and $citronellol+{\beta}-sesquiphellandrene$ decreased. The composition of shoot oil differed from that of mother rhizome oil in having higher content of terpene hydrocarbons and also in the higher content of bornyl acetate, ${\beta}-gurjunene$ and ar-curcumene+geranyl acetate and lower in citral (neral and geranial).