• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.41-50
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determined that the efficacy and comfort of iontophoretic transdermal delivery of lidocaine by comparison of local anesthetic duration, sensory threshold, pain threshold and pain tolerance levels according to four different cleansing regimes. Methods: Forty healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to four groups; oil cleansing group, lotion cleansing group, solution cleansing group and alcohol cleansing group. All subjects were received lidocaine iontophoresis on the forearm using direct current with 4 mA for 10 minutes. All subjects were measured the duration of local anesthesia after lidocaine iontophoresis, also evaluated the sensory threshold, pain threshold and pain tolerance level during iontophoresis. For comparisons of the efficacy and the sensory characteristics of iontophoresis within the groups, an one-way ANOVA was used. Results: The duration of local anesthesia were found significant difference between groups (p<0.001). The anesthetic duration in solution and alcohol cleansing groups were significantly longer than oil and lotion cleansing group by post hoc (p<0.05). Statistically significant difference were noted in respect to all sensory characteristics such as sensory threshold, pain threshold and pain tolerance between groups (p<0.001). The sensory threshold in solution and alcohol cleansing group were significantly lower than oil and lotion cleansing group by post hoc using Duncan multiple range test (p<0.05). The pain threshold and pain tolerance in solution and alcohol cleansing group were significantly higher than oil and lotion cleansing group by post hoc (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results demonstrated that cleansing regimes have affected the efficacy and discomfort of iontophoretic transdermal delivery of lidocaine. These findings indicate that cleansing agents without oil ingredient contributed to more comfort, and more successful achievement of the iontophoretic transdermal delivery.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.244-249
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• 1997

Proper hygienic care of removable dentures is an important means of maintaining a healthy oral mucosa on denture wearers. Denture cleansing is often poor due to improper mechanical and the inefficient chemical cleansing of dentures. Dentists and patients should realize that microbial plaque on dentures may be harmful to both the oral mucosa and the patient's general health. This literature review was aimed to evaluate materials and methods for cleansing dentures and to discuss different means of keeping dentures plaque-free. A routine denture cleansing regimen should be designed to remove and prevent reaccumulation of microbial plaque and also to remove mucin, food debris, calculus, and exogenous discoloration. The combined use of chemical and mechanical cleansing is highly recommended for patients to clean their denture effciently.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.25-35
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• 1990

It is a fact that there are recent increasing trends or incidence of the colorectal carcinoma among other colorectal diseases. In such trend, the early detection remain to be most important by the air contrast barium enema and total colonofiberscopy. There are several ways to prepare the colon for barium enema and colonofiberscopy which include several agents. The mechanical cleansing have been used most frequently since Brown's method was adapted to be most perfect for colon deansing. The ideal laxatives and enema solutions were limited to adequate dose, it's effectiveness, patient's diet and bowel habit, minimal side effect, low cost and simple to perform. In order to compare the effectiveness of various cleansing solutions, six experimental methods were formed as shown; 1. normal saline enema, 2. castor oil with normal saline enema, 3. castor oil with soap suds enema, 4. magnesium citrate with normal saline, 5. magnesium citrate with soap suds enema and 6. ingestion of Golyetly solution. The authors have compared and determined the degree of cleanness by an experienced endoscopist. The total number of patients was 247, age distribution was $43{\pm}15$ years old, and sex distribution was 133 males and 114 females. The grade I and II represented no difficulties at performing the colonofiberscopy, but grade ill and N had some difficulties, even unable to perform the colonofiberscopy. The effectiveness the cleansing agents, represented with grade I and II was 95.9% (47/49) in method 6, 93.2%(54/58) in method 2, 83.3%(30/33) in method 3, 70.0%(28/10) in method 5, 66.7%(16/24) in method i, and 45.7%(18/40) in method 4. Method 2 and 6 were the most effective in normal bowel habit patients. In constipated patients, method 6 was the most effective and all method except method 11 were effective in diarrhea patients. The degrees of less mucosal irritation by various bowel cleansing method were in the order of method 6(100%), 1(100%), 5(74%), 2(69%). In subjective symptoms and cleansing groups, abdominal distension, pain, nausea and vomiting were complained, and that's subject symptoms were in the order of method 3(88.9%), 6 (79.6%), 1(75%), 5(72.5%), 2(72.4%), 4(67.5%). In conclusion, we believe that the Golytely of the mechanical cleansing solution for colonofiberscopy was the most effective, but others depended on the patient's condition und bowel habit.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.535-542
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• 2007

Background : Repeated dis/re-connection of implant abutment caused bone loss around implant fixtures due to the new formation of biologic width of the mucosal-implant barrier. The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate whether the repeated dis/re-connection of implant abutment cause bone loss clinically and the effect of cleansing methods on a bone loss during the early healing period. Methods : A total 50 implants were installed in 20 patients and repeated dis/re-connection of abutment was performed at the time of surgery and once per week for 12 weeks. 0.9% normal saline solution as group1 and 0.1% chlorhexidine solution as group 2 was used to clean abutments. All patients had radiographs taken at the placement of implant and 4, 8, and 12 weeks postoperatively. The data for bone loss around implant were analyzed. Results: The marginal bone loss at 12 weeks were $1.28{\pm}0.51mm$, $1,32{\pm}0,57mm$ in the mesial and distal sides in group1, $1.94{\pm}0.75mm$, $1.81{\pm}0.84mm$ in group 2, respectively. In view of marginal bone loss, there was not a significant statistical difference between groups. Conclusions : Repeated dis/re-connection of implant abutment may not cause marginal bone loss around implant fixture although limited samples and short-term observation period. In spite of more bone loss in group 2, there was no statistical significant difference between groups. In context of those results, the clinical significance of the repeated dis/re-connection of implant abutment and the cleansing method of abutments is debatable when it comes to marginal bone loss during early healing period.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.593-599
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• 2014

Objectives : Latex gloves hygiene is the most effective method to prevent infection of microorganisms and to reduce the incidence of cross infections. The aim of this study was to compare the bacteria reduction ratio of cleansing with water, liquid soap and alcohol gauze. Methods : The left side glove was the control group and the right side was the experimental group. The experimental group washed hand with water, soap, and alcohol gauze. The hand plate was inoculated by the hand and inoculated for 24 hours in $35^{\circ}C$. Results : Washing with water showed that CFU of control group was 1116.9 and that of experimental group was 302.8. Hand washing by water reduced 74.3% of bacteria. Liquid soap revealed that CFU of control group was 619.9 and that of experimental group was 8.3. Hand washing by liquid soap reduced 97.5% of bacteria. Alcohol gauze included 875.2 CFU in control group and 5.8 CFU in experimental group. Washing by alcohol gauze reduced 99.5% of bacteria. Conclusions : Based on the results, the most effective latex gloves cleansing method was recommended as the standardized hand washing with the liquid hand soap and alcohol gauze. The results can be used to improve training strategies for enhancing glove hygiene practice in dental clinic.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.139-145
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• 2012

PURPOSE. To evaluate the shear bond strength of resin luting agent to dentin surfaces cleansed with different agents like pumice, ultrasonic scaler with chlorhexidine gluconate, EDTA and the influence of these cleansing methods on wetting properties of the dentin by Axisymmetric drop Shape Analysis - Contact Diameter technique (ADSA-CD). MATERIALS AND METHODS. Forty coronal portions of human third molar were prepared until dentin was exposed. Specimens were divided into two groups: Group A and Group B. Provisional restorations made with autopolymerizing resin were luted to dentin surface with zinc oxide eugenol in Group A and with freegenol cement in Group B. All specimens were stored in distilled water at room temperature for 24 hrs and provisional cements were mechanically removed with explorer and rinsed with water and cleansed using various methods (Control-air-water spray, Pumice prophylaxis, Ultrasonic scaler with 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, 17% EDTA). Contact angle measurements were performed to assess wettability of various cleansing agents using the ADSA-CD technique. Bond strength of a resin luting agent bonded to the cleansed surface was assessed using Instron testing machine and the mode of failure noted. SEM was done to assess the surface cleanliness. Data were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance with Tukey HSD tests (${\alpha}$=.05). RESULTS. Specimens treated with EDTA showed the highest shear bond strength and the lowest contact angle for both groups. SEM showed that EDTA was the most effective solution to remove the smear layer. Also, mode of failure seen was predominantly cohesive for both EDTA and pumice prophylaxis. CONCLUSION. EDTA was the most effective dentin cleansing agent among the compared groups.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.9-16
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• 2021

Objectives : The researcher had investigated the efficacy of ginseng using Microneedle Therapy System (MTS) and confirmed the effect of ginseng Cold Process (CP) soap just before and after washing face. The purpose of this study was to find out what kind of effect appeared through a period of 6 weeks when environmental factors were involved using ginseng CP soap. Methods : The researcher selected 47 subjects, 37 as the experimental group and 10 as the control group. The researcher asked participants to wash their face twice a day in the morning and evening using ginseng CP soap, and the period was set for 6 weeks. The researcher had the people who selected as the control group use a commercially available foam cleanser. They performed a skin test before the start of the test, and the change status was continuously investigated 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks after using the soap. Results : In the case of T-zone oil, there was a significant decrease in the use of foam cleansing and ginseng CP soap, and in the case of pores and pigmentation, a significant decrease was observed only in the use of ginseng CP soap. In skin tone change, there was a significant effect in both the experimental group and the control group, but the significance was greatly increased in the case of ginseng CP soap compared to foam cleansing. Conclusions : Ginseng CP soap is considered to be a more suitable cleanser for skin care compared to foam cleansing.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.237-247
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was a randomized single-blind trial of whole versus split-dose PEG solutions for colonoscopy preparation to compare the patient compliance, quality of bowel cleansing, and endoscopist's satisfaction. Methods: The participants were recruited from outpatients who planned to receive colonoscopy of C hospital in Busan. Sixty participants were randomly assigned to receive either a spit-dose group(n=30) consuming $2{\ell}$ of PEG solution twice, or a whole-dose group(n=30), consuming $4{\ell}$ of PEG solution once. These participants completed the questionnaire to assess their compliance before colonoscopy. The quality of bowel cleansing was assessed using the Ottawa Scale with the endoscopist who was blinded to the type of preparation, and their satisfaction by using VAS. Results: The participants who did not completely consume $4{\ell}$ of PEG solution were less in split-dose than in whole-dose group (0% vs 13.3%). The split-dose group complained less about abdominal pain(t=2.644, p=0.009) and abdominal bloating(t=2.802, p=0.013) with a statistical significance. For the quality of bowel preparation, there were no significant differences in the bowel cleansing scores and the endoscopist's satisfaction between two groups. Conclusion: Colonic preparation with split-dose of PEG solution could be a more useful method for better patient compliance, with no significant impact on bowel cleansing quality.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.3269-3273
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• 2009

In this study, recycling methods of nano $TiO_2$-coated silica-bead were conducted in order to solve a deactivation problem of bead that had been invented for decomposition of pollutants in aqueous solution. Surface cleansing was selected as the recycling method for used beads. The surface cleansing was done with four different solutions such as distilled water, surfactant, acetone, and ethyl alcohol(ethanol). The recycling process consists of cleansing and calcination. After cleaning the used (deactivated) beads, calcination was done at $100^{\circ}C$, $200^{\circ}C$ and $300^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes, respectively. This process was repeated three times. The activity of the recycled bead was measured by photo-degradation of methylene blue. The result shows that acetone cleansing and calcination at $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes was the most efficient recycling method.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.391-401
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of aroma inhalation therapy on nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, compliance, and colon cleansing for patients having a colon lavage solution before colonoscopy. Methods: This study was performed using a nonequivalent control group post-test design. The study was conducted from 20 Jun to 29 Aug, 2011. The participants were 152 patients (experimental group: 77, control group: 75) who underwent colonoscopy at A hospital, Seoul. Results: The experimental group with the aroma inhalation therapy reported significantly lower nausea and vomiting than did the control group. There were no significant differences in abdominal discomfort, compliance, and colon cleansing between experimental and control group. Conclusion: Use of an aroma inhalation therapy was efficient in nausea and vomiting among patients having a colon lavage solution before colonoscopy. Therefore, aroma inhalation therapy is recommended as an effective nursing intervention for relieving nausea and vomiting among patients having a lavage solution before colonoscopy.