• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.124-128
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• 2003

Background: Sasang Constitutional Medicine (SCM) is a component of Korean traditional medicine that classifies humans into four categories, according to their constitution (Taeyangin, Taeumin, Soyangin and Soeumin). We are unaware of previous assessments of SCM in non-Asian race groups. Objectives: To quantify body composition components in three race groups and to determine whether SCM has an independent effect on body composition components. Design: A cross-sectional evaluation of 76 adults (28 Caucasian, 21 African-American, 27 Asian). Body composition was estimated using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Results: SCM component had a significant effect on weight, fat, and lean mass regardless of race group (p <0.001).

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.165-169
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• 2002

The herbal components should be transformed to bioactive compounds by the intestinal bacteria and then expressed the pharmacological action of herbal medicines. Human fecal enzyme activities related to the metabolism of herbal components were measured. The metabolic activities of puerarin, poncirin, glycyrrhizin, ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Rb2 to their bioactive compounds were $3.5{\pm}1.18,{\;}333.1{\pm}183.64,{\;}95.7{\pm}107.1,{\;}20.8{\pm}10.32{\;}and{\;}20.8{\pm}13.3{\;}{\mu}mo1/h/g$, respectively. The profile of these metabolic activities of glycyrrhizin and ginsenosides were not changed even if herbal extracts, water extract of Glycyrrhizae Radix and Ginseng Radix, instead of the isolated compounds were used . All the enzyme activities tested were not different between male and female, and between ages. However, the difference of these enzyme activities in individuals was significant. These results suggest that the metabolic activity of herbal components to bioactive compounds may be a factor of constitutional classification, and could be available for constitutional classifications, if the constitutional herbal medicines were used .

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.1-15
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• 2010

1. Objectives: This research aims to study the general overview of the theories on the covetous desire and the relevant theories on cultivation mentioned in "Donguisusebowon (東醫壽世保元): Theories on Nature and Conduct (性命論)". 2. Methods: The theories concerning the covetous desire introduced in Dong-Mu's manuscripts, including "Gyukchigo 格致藁)", "Yougocho (遺稿抄)", "Dongmuyougo (東武遺稿)" and "Jaejungsinpyun (濟衆新編)", were comprehensively reviewed. Furthermore, the significance of the theories on the covetous desire and the relevant theories on self-cultivation were studied within the context of "Donguisusebowon(東醫壽世保元): Theories on Nature and Conduct (性命論)". 3. Results and Conclusions: 1) Among the four covetous desires (selfishness (私心), indiscretion (放心), indolence(逸心), acquisitiveness (慾心)), selfishness and acquisitiveness are the interpersonal components that deal with the relationship between individuals, whereas indiscretion and indolence are the intra-personal or self-concerned components that deal with the internal desires within the individual. 2) In the early concepts on the quaternity explaining the perspective on the human being as introduced in Dongmu's earlier manuscripts, the four covetous desires are thought of as the most important etiological components, that are also intimately related to the theories of self-cultivation. 3) Among the concepts introduced in "Donguisusebowon (東醫壽世保元): Theories on Nature and Conduct (性命論)", viciousness (邪心) and negligence (怠心) are primary, intra-personal (self-concerned) desires that are henceforth matched to indiscretion and indolence, respectively, while selfishness (arrogance, assertiveness, indiscrimination and exaggeration (驕矜伐夸)) and acquisitiveness (violation, extravagance, slothfulness and stealthiness(奪侈懶竊)) are secondary, interpersonal desires. 4) 'Preserving the mind (存其心)' and 'rectifying the body (修其身)' are Methods of overcoming viciousness (indiscretion) and negligence (indolence), the intrapersonal desires, while 'nurturing the nature (養其性)' and 'propping the course (立其命)' are Methods of eliminating selfishness and acquisitiveness, the interpersonal desires, which ultimately each leads to the completion of Nature (性) and Conduct/Course (命).

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.122-130
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• 2009

1. Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between adiponectin and metabolic syndrome according to Sasang Constitution. 2. Methods: Six hundred sixty six participants were included in this cohort study. Sex, age, BMI(Body Mass Index), smoking, drinking, adiponectin level and Metabolic syndrome components were considerd. Sasang constitutional diagnosis was carried out by a sasang constitutional specialist using photos, questionnaires and PSSC(Phonetic System for Sasang Classification). 3. Results: In binary logistic analysis after adjustment of age, sex, BMI, smoking, drinking, adiponectin level and sasang constitution were related with Metabolic syndrome. 4. Conclusions: We suggest that adiponectin and sasang constitution are the important biomarker in Metabolic syndorme.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2010

1. Objective There has been a few trials to diagnose Sasang Constitution by using EEG, but has not been studied intensively. For the purpose of practical diagnosis, the characteristics of EEG for each constitution should be studied first. Recently it has been shown that Sasang Constitution might be related to harm avoidance and novelty seeking in temperament and character profiles. Based on this finding, we propose a visual stimulation method to evoke a EEG response which may discriminate difference between constitutional groups. Through the experiment with this method, we tried to reveal the characteristics of EEG of each constitutional groups by the method of event-related potentials. 2. Methods: We used facial visual stimulation to verify the characteristics of EEG for each constitutional groups. To reveal characteristic in sensitivity and latency of response, we added several levels of noise to facial images. 6 male subjects(2 Taeeumin, 2 Soyangin, 2 Soeumin) participated in this study. All subjects are healthy 20's. To remove artifacts and slow modulation, we removed EOG contaminated data and renormalization is applied. To extract stimulation related components, normalized event-related potential method was used. 3. Results: From Oz channels, it is verified that facial image processing components are extracted. For lower level noise, components related to the visual stimulation were clearly shown in Oz, Pz, and Cz channels. Pz and Cz channels show differences among 3 constitutional groups in maximum around 200 msec. Especially moderate level of noise looks appropriate for diagnosis. 4. Conclusion: We verified that the visual stimulation with facial emotion might be a good candidate to evoke the differences between constitutional groups in EEG response. The differences shown in the experiment may imply that the process of emotion has distinct tendencies in latencies and sensitivity for each consitutional group. And this distinction might be related to the temperament profile of consitutional groups.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.759-765
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• 2006

In order to provide the methodology of researching constitutional theories, the original meaning and the source of the term, ti(體) and zhi(質) written in and other text were reviewed, and then components of constitution(體質) and some evaluative norms and prospect on constitutional theories were proposed. Ti(體) means body or 5 tissues or patterns of them and zhi(質) means quality in , so the temporary meaning of constitution was generally same with present one. But the temperament originated from Greek and Elizabethan era is thought that it corresponds with constitution, but it means generally body type and character and mental pathologic features. The fundamental requirements of constitutional theories are needed stability, creativity, clinical efficiency and reproductiveness for differentiating with classical diagnostics over the range of disease and aging of the subject. And heredity, universality and extensiveness were recommended as additional requirements for making level up the theories through long-term follow-up, and to evaluate these requirements detail items were proposed. More of these, weight rendering should be made respectively afterwards.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.148-159
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• 2007

1. Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of Metabolic syndrome(MetS) and Intima-media thickness(IMT) of common carotid artery with Sasang constitution. 2. Methods 197 subjects who had taken health examinations and diagnosis of Sasang constitution from Jan 1, 2006 to Dec 31, 2006 at East-west health examination center of Kyung-Hee medical center were included and underwent B-mode ultrasonography for measurement of intima-media thickness of common carotid arteries. MetS was defined by the criteria of the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. 3. Results and Conclusions Mean intima-media thickness of common carotid artery was significantly higher in subjects with MetS compared with control subjects($0.070{\pm}0.017$ vs $0.063{\pm}0.014cm$) and a significant trend towards increased IMT was observed with increasing numbers of metabolic syndrome components(r=0.331, p=0.000). After adjustment for age and sex, IMT of common carotid arteries was significantly different among three constitutional groups (Soyangin:$0.065{\pm}0.015cm$, Taeumin:$0.068{\pm}0.016cm$, Soeumin:$0.056{\pm}0.010cm$), however, after adjustment for age, sex and existence of metabolic syndrome, there was no significant different. But, factor of Taeumin was the effective determinant of the increase of mean IMT of common carotid arteries.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.78-88
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to provide for some basic data useful to production of the apparels fit and measured well for the Chinese men. For this purpose, 389 men aged between 20 and 49 and living in Beijing and Shanghai, China were sampled to be measured for their constitutions. Then, their constitutions were classified and thereupon, according to the Men's Wear Specifications (GB/T 1335.1-1997), National Standards of People's Republic of China. The collected data were statistically processed using SAS 6.12 for technical statistical analysis, correlation analysis, factor analysis, group-wise analysis. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; 1. As a result of the factor analysis aiming to determine Chinese men's constitutional components, five components could be identified: constitutional obesity, lateral body size, longitudinal body size, shoulder and back width, and shoulder drooping. 2. As a result of classifying Chinese men's constitutions according to drop measurements, four types could be identified. Y type had the lowest obesity and the highest longitudinal body size. A type had a lower obesity and had an average longitudinal body size. B Type had the second highest obesity, the smallest longitudinal body size and shoulders/back width. C Type had the highest obesity, upper body length and shoulders/back width. 3. In terms of distribution, 'B' type (39.10%) of the sample, followed by 'A' type (29.26%), 'C' type (19.95%) and 'Y' type (11.70%). In all, the results of this study suggests that 'B' type represents the Chinese men in contrast with GB specifying that 'A' type represents the Chinese men. On the other hand, Beijing region was dominated most by 'B' type (37.06%), followed by 'A' type (28.82%), 'C' type (22.35%) and 'Y' type (11.76%), while Shanghai region was dominated most by 'B' type (41.13%), followed by 'A' type (31.21%), 'C' type (19.15%) and 'Y' type (8.51%).

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2022

Objectives This study aimed to examine the differences in the distribution of metabolic syndrome(MetS) and cold hypersensitivity in the hands and feet(CHHF) according to Sasang constitution, and to determine whether CHHF and MetS have an inverse association. Methods MetS and its components, CHHF, Sasang constitution data from 1,998 participants in the Korean medicine Daejeon Citizen Cohort study(KDCC) were obtained. The participants were divided into a non-CHHF(n = 1,270, 63.6%), intermediate(n = 220, 11.0%) and CHHF(n = 508, 25.4%) group according to the thermal sensitivity questionnaire. Sasang constitution was diagnosed by Korea Sasang Constitutional Diagnostic Questionnaire(KS-15). One-way ANOVA and the chi-square test were used for participants' general characteristics and thermal sensitivity and MetS related factors. ANCOVA and logistic regression were used to compare the differences and the odds ratios(ORs) for MetS and its components. Results The MetS and CHHF prevalence rates of the Taeeumin, Soeumin, and Soyangin were 27.6%, 3.8%, 7.7%, and 18.3%, 42.3%, 26.4% respectively. The ANCOVA for MetS components showed that the waist circumference was significantly lower in the CHHF group as compared to the non-CHHF group in total and Soyangin. The logistic regression for MetS prevalence showed that CHHF had a significant inverse association in total(OR = 0.611) and Taeeumin(OR = 0.521). Conclusions The MetS prevalence had the highest in Taeeumin, followed by Soyangin and Soeumin, while the prevalence of CHHF was highest in Soeumin, followed by Soyangin and Taeeumin. In addition, it was confirmed that CHHF and MetS had an inverse association independently.

• Integrative Medicine Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.136-140
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• 2018

Background: The Sasang constitutional analysis tool (SCAT) is an integrated Sasang constitutional analysis system developed by the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of a questionnaire for measuring personality and pathophysiological symptoms that is one of the components of the SCAT. Methods: In this study, data were collected from university students in their twenties. Tests were administered twice, with an interval of 4 weeks between tests. Test-retest data from 176 students were collected and used for analysis. Internal consistency reliability was analyzed by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and test-retest reliability was analyzed by using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Results: Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.788 for personality, 0.511 for eating habits, 0.718 for digestion, 0.667 for heat- or cold-wise penchant, and 0.612 for water ingestion. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients, which were used to assess correlations between test and retest results, ranged from 0.444 to 0.828. Conclusion: The internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the SCAT questionnaire were found to be satisfactory.