• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.184-191
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• 2004

A 25-week feeding trial of two dietary protein (47 and $52\%$) and three dietary lipid level (7, 12 and $17\%$) factorial design with three replications were conducted to determine effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth, feed utilization and body composition of adult starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus), average initial weight 332 g, during the winter season. Survival of fish was not affected by either dietary protein or dietary lipid level. Weight gain, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio improved with dietary protein and lipid levels except for those of fish fed the $52\%$ protein diet with $17\%$ lipid. The best growth and feed utilization were observed in the $52\%$ protein diet with $12\%$ lipid, but were not significantly different from those of fish fed the $52\%$ protein diet with $17\%$ lipid or the $47\%$ protein diets with $17\%$ lipid levels. Hepatosomatic and visceral somatic indexes were significantly influenced by dietary protein level, but not by dietary lipid level. None of moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, or glycogen contents of dorsal muscle or liver in starry flounder except for crude lipid in dorsal muscle was significantly influenced by either dietary protein or dietary lipid level. Plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly influenced by both dietary protein and dietary lipid levels. The results of this study suggest that the diets containing $47\%$ protein with $17\%$ lipid or $52\%$ protein with $12-17\%$ lipid are optimal for growth and feed utilization of adult starry flounder under these experimental conditions.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.239-243
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• 2008

A $3{\times}2$ factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the proper dietary protein and lipid levels for the growth of sub-adult flounder Paralichthys olivaceus reared during the summer season. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain three levels of protein (45%, 50% and 55%) and two levels of lipid (9% and 14%). Duplicate groups of fish (initial body weight of 298 g) were hand-fed to apparent satiation during the summer season ($21.8{\pm}1.7^{\circ}C$) for 60 days. Survival of each group was over 83% and there was not significant difference among all groups. Weight gain of fish fed the 45% protein diet with 14% lipid was not significantly different from that of fish fed the 50% and 55% protein diets with 9% and 14% lipids, but weight gain of fish fed the 45% protein diet with 9% lipid was significantly lower than that of fish fed the 55% protein diets with 14% lipid. Feed efficiency tended to increase with increasing dietary lipid level at each protein levels, although no significant differences were observed at 50% and 55% protein levels. Protein efficiency ratio, daily feed intake, condition factor and hepatosomatic index were not significantly affected by dietary protein and lipid levels. Crude lipid content of the liver tended to increase with increasing dietary lipid level at the same protein levels, but the opposite appearance was found for moisture content. The contents of moisture, crude protein and crude lipid of the dorsal muscle were not significantly affected by dietary protein and lipid levels. Based on data obtained form this study, inclusion of dietary protein at level of 45% appears sufficient to support optimal growth, and an increase of dietary lipid level from 9% to 14% has beneficial effects on feed utilization of sub-adult flounder during the summer season.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.103-112
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• 2016

To compare seed components of plus trees, seed powder ground after seedcoat removal was analyzed for two oak species, i. e., Quercus monglica (white oak) and Quercus variabilis (red oak), which are typical oak trees in Korea but have different fruiting characteristics. Thus we aimed at analyzing and comparing many ingredients including minerals, sugars, etc. Two species were similar to each other in the content of water, crude ash, crude protein and carbohydrates, but crude lipid content in Q. variabilis was 2.5 times higher than that in Q. mongolica. Crude proteins of Clone 124 was 1.5 times higher than that of Clone 75 in Q. mongolica. Crude lipid content showed the highest value in Clone 0511 of Q. variabilis, and more phosphate and iron was found in Q. monglica than in Q. variabilis. Glucose showed 85.4% and 88.3% on average of the total monosacchrides in two species, and galactose and arabinose were also found. In the content of phosphate, iron, and crude lipid, differences were found between two species and among clones of two species.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.74-81
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• 1995

In the proximate composition of the yams of home product, wild yam was most abundant in crude lipid and crude protein, and those content in the cultivated yams, cultivated long yam and cultivated short yam were similar. Cultivated long yam is the richest in crude ash. African yam had more crude lipid and crude protein compare to those of home product yams. Especially, the amount of crude lipid in African yam was four-fold of home product yams. In the mineral content, Ca was the richest mineral in four kinds of yam. The rest of mineral were in order of Fe, Mn and Zn. Among the home product yams, the Ca content of wild yam was higher than that of cultivated yam. The contents of Fe, Mn and Zn were also high in wild yam compared to cultivated yam. In the composition of free sugars, the sucrose content is the highest in wild yam, cultivated short yam and African yam. in order The fructose content was the most abundant in cultivated long yam and the next was sucrose. The composition of free fatty acids were in order of lactobacillic acid, palmitic acid and palmitoleic acid. Crude saponin contents of the home products were almost similar levle, but crude saponin of wild yam was more abundant than that of cultivated yam. And crude saponin of African yam was much more abundant compared that of other home product yams. there is not much difference in the kinds of saponin from the home product yams. However, the amount of each saponin from the home product yams was different. In case of African yam, 'b' saponin did not appear and 'e' saponin was higher compared with home product yams. In African yam, the bitter taste from ethyl acetate layer was the strongest, and the next was n-butanol layer. It is possible that there was a powerful UV absorption material in the bitter taste of ethyl acetate layer and also supposed that there were saponin and phenol is material.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.138-143
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• 1997

Crude catechin extracts were prepared using ethyl acetate from Korean Puerariae Radix (PR) and their biological effects on the alcoholic liver damage were investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats (6 weeks old). Ethanol (5g ethanol/kg body weight/day) administration was performed for 8 weeks and after ethanol consuming rats were treated with one or two% catechin extracts of diet for 8 weeks. At the end of experimental period, lipid hydroperoxides in liver were analyzed using a chemiluminescence-high performance liquid chromatography (CL-HPLC) method. Compared with control animals, ethanol consumed rats showed lighter body weights, lower ratios of liver/body weight, higher activities of GOT and GPT, and increased lipid hydroperoxide amount in liver. With one or two% catechin extracts treatment, GOT and GPT activities returned to normal ranges. Lipid hydroperoxide contents in liver of on or two% PR treated rats lowered to 20% or 25% respectively, compared with the levels of those ethanol consumed animals without catechin extracts treatment. Therefore, we concluded that on or two% PR crude catechins treatment could be effective for alcoholic liver damage caused by lipid peroxidation.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.381-385
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• 2010

Five types of determination methods including the Soxhlet method as well as 3 kinds of extraction solvents, were used for the determination of accurate crude fat contents in wheat flour and 5 kinds of dry noodles. According to the results, crude fat contents were 0.09~1.37% in the wheat flour and 0.07~1.36% in the dry noodle samples. This variation resulted from the types of lipids in the wheat flour and various kinds of dry noodles. Nutrition facts labels showing crude fat contents in the 5 kinds of domestic dry noodle samples indicated levels of 0~1.5%. Lipid composition and content were determined in order to investigate these differences. The results indicated free lipid at 1.02% and bound lipids at 0.21% in the wheat flour, and free lipids at 0.95~1.01% and bound lipid at 0.21~0.25% in the wheat flour. Polar and nonpolar lipid contents were also measured in all samples. Neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid contents in the free lipid were 58.5%, 33.6%, and 8.6% in the wheat flour, and 49.2~58.2%, 33.3~41.6%, and 8.5~9.3% in the dry noodle samples, respectively. For bound lipids, amounts were 16.7%, 33.5%, and 49.5% in the wheat flour, and 13.2~15.3%, 35.6~45.7%, and 41.6~49.4% in the dry noodle samples, respectively. Based on these results, an acid hydrolysis methods should be used to determine accurate crude fat contents in wheat flour and dry noodles.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.53-58
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• 2016

The present study was performed to evaluate the antioxidant effect of crude extracts of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner. Antioxidant effect was analysed by DPPH-radical scavenging activity, lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity. DPPH-radical scavenging activity and SOD-like activity of linoleic acid, glutamic acid, ethyl acetate crude extract and ethyl alcohol crude extract of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner were dose-dependently increased. However, lipid peroxidation of glutamic acid, linoleic acid, ethyl acetate crude extract and ethyl alcohol crude extract of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner were time-dependently decreased. The data suggests that crude extracts of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner may be a putative antioxidant substance and apply the development of medicine through convergence study.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.387-393
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• 2001

The chemical composition of fish feeds(mackerel, gizzard shad, shrimp and formula feed) were analyzed and compared with those of untreated and irradiated (5 kGy) feeds, and the effects of gamma irradiation (5 kGy) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA, 200ppm) on feeds spoilage were investigated by determination of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value and peroxide value for 14 days at $20^{\circ}C$, $4^{\circ}C$ or $-20^{\circ}C$. Crude protein, crude lipid, crude fiber, crude ash and nitrogen free extract were not significantly changed by gamma irradiation with the dose of 5 kGy. Immediately gamma irradiation increased the initiative oxidation of feeds as expected. But BHA was found to be greatly effective in minimizing the radiation-induced peroxidation (p<0.05). The TBA value and peroxide value increased with the elapse of the storage period. The level of lipid oxidation was increased depending on the rise in storage temperature. But the additions of BHA inhibited the lipid oxidation (p<0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1187-1190
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• 1999

Lotus seed(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner), known as traditional medicine as an antifebrile, antipsychotic, and cantihypertensive agent, was analyzed the chemical composition of lipid and protein. The seed com posed of 12.2% moisture, 2.3% crude lipid, 19.5% crude protein, 61.3% carbohydrate, 2.1% crude fibre, and 4.1% ash. The lipid showed iodine value of 97.9 that is lower than that of soybean oil and sesame oil, and similar to peanut oil and cotton seed oil. The fatty acid composition of the oil were the highest in content of linoleic acid which occupied 58.3% and saturated vs unsaturated fatty acid was 20.9:79.1. Especially behenic acid content, 6.9%, was higher than other plant oils. Sixteen amino acids were detected in the protein from the seed and glutamic acid content was the highest as 4.5% in dehulled kernel. The portion of essential amino acid was 31.1%.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.197-200
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• 1987

Nutritive value of lipids was associated with composition of fatty acid. Unvalance diet may increase the incidence of diseases. Abundant of EPA and DHA, polyunsaturated fatty acid, were contained in fishes. Studies on 10 kinds of fishes, lipid components were determined. The results were as follows; 1. The content of crude fat 18.1% were high in eels, on the contrary the content of EPA 0.1% and DHA 0.1% were low. The content of crude fat were low in mackeral and sadrine, but the content of poly unsaturated fatty acid were high. 2. Iodine value 189 was high in sadrine, consequently, this results showed the interrelation between Iodine value and the content of polyunsaturated number. 3. The content of crude fat 1.3% in flounder(sole) were low and the content of cholesterol 20 mg% were lowest in present studies.