• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.389-392
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• 1996

Crude polysaccharide fractions were isolated from white ginseng and red ginseng (Panax ginseng). The amount of crude polysaccharide fraction in red ginseng was higher than that of white ginseng. The glucose contents of crude polysaccharide fraction isolated from white ginseng and red ginseng were determined as 95.1% and 89.9% by HPLC, respectively. Method of carbazole-sulfuric acid was applied to determine the amount of acidic polysaccharide in white ginseng and red ginseng. The amount of acidic polysaccharide in red ginseng was higher than that of white ginseng. Whereas, contents of minerals (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg) in crude polysaccharide fraction from white ginseng were higher than those of crude Polysaccharide fraction from red ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.10-13
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• 1990

Effect of an acidic polysaccharide fraction In Korean white and red ginseng on lipolytic action of Toxohormone-L was studied. Crude acidic polysaccharide fraction was extracted from main and lateral root of Korean white and red ginseng separately and purified several times. Inhibitory effect of crude polysaccharide fraction was determined by unit (1 unit is loft inhibition rate per Is sample). Yields of purified crude polysaccharide fraction of main and lateral root of red ginseng were 2.9 and 2.2 times higher than those of white ginseng, respectively. Inhibitory effects of main root of white and red ginseng, 11.hen final reaction concentrations of sample were 50, 100, 200, 500 $\mu$g/ml, were 37.2가 and 23.7% higher than those of lateral root of white and red ginseng. Inhibitory effect of main root of red ginseng was 2.3 times higher than that of white ginseng.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.110-115
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• 1995

This study was devised to observe the inhibitory effects of ethanol treatment precipitate (crude acidic polysaccharide) from Korean red ginseng on a lipolytic action of Toxohormone-L which has been known as lipolytic and anorexigenic factors. Toxohormone-L was obtained by partial purification of the ascites fluid from mice which had been inoculated with sarcoma-180. The yields of crude acidic polysaccharide from Korean red ginseng was 63.5%. In vitro, at the concentration of 500rg /ml, the inhibition rate of lipolysis by the crude acidic polysaccharide of Korean red ginseng was 38.8% and the total inhibitory activity per gram of ginseng material was 4,928 nit. In vivo, the red ginseng polysaccharide(40mg/ml in saline soon.) 16ul/g of body weight was injected to the sarcoma-180 bearing mice once In 3 days until death. The effects against the extension of life span was little but body weight gain of sarcoma-180 bearing mice decreased significantly by administration of Korean red ginseng polysaccharide compared to those of the control group.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.215-219
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• 2006

This study was carried out to obtain the basic information for non-saponin contents that can be used to index fresh ginseng roots (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) cultivated in the Republic of Korea and China. Non-saponin components in fresh gingeng roots which were cultivated in various areas and ages in Korea were determined. Acidic polysaccharide, total polysaccharide, crude polyacetylene were quantitatively analyzed by using the method of spectrophotometric determination, while the total protein was analyzed by using Lowry method. The results show that there were no statistically significant differences for the average contents of four non-saponins among 4-years-old, 5-years-old, and 6-years-old fresh ginseng roots. Additionally, this study assessed the average contents of non-saponin components in 4-years-old fresh ginseng roots (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) which were cultivated in Korea and China. The result showed that the average contents of crude polyacetylene and acidic polysaccharide were statistically significant. Four-years-old fresh ginseng roots cultivated in Korea had the higher average contents of crude polyacetylene and acidic polysaccharide than those cultivated in China. However the average contents of total polysaccharide and total protein had no statistically significant difference.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.701-707
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• 2001

Melanogenesis is a physiological process resulting in the synthesis of melanin pigment. We investigated the inhibitory effect of crude polysaccharide of water extract of Artemisia iwayomgi Kitamura (AI) on melanin biosystheies in B16/F10 melanoma cells. Crude polysaccharide of water extract of Artemisia iwayomgi Kitamura significantly inhibited tyrosinase activity and melanin contents with or without $\alpha$-MSH in vivo. Melanin contents and tyrosinase activity were decreased in a dose-dependent manner,These results show that crude polysaccharide of water extract of Artemisia iwayomgi Kitamura could be developed as skin whitening components of cosmetics.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.684-691
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• 2008

As part of studies to develop new materials to lower blood glucose levels using crude polysaccharide, this study was attempted to analyze the characteristics of crude polysaccharide obtained from the extracts of a mixed herbal medium(OCM) where Trichloloma matsutake mycelium and Cordyceps militaris mycelium were cultured together and to look into the influence of administering these by concentration upon the blood glucose and serum lipid levels of rats with diabetes which was induced by STZ(Streptozotosin). Experimental group was divided into 6 groups: first, it was divided into normal control group(NC group) and diabetes-induced group, and diabetes-induced group was subdivided into diabetic control group(DC group), acarbose-treated group(PC group), 100 mg/kg/body weight-treated by crude polysaccharide of OCM(UE) group(UE100 group), 200 mg/kg/body weight-treated group(UE200 group), and 300 mg/kg/body weight-treated group(UE300 group). In diabetic-induced groups, after streptozotocin was melted in 0.01M citrate buffer at 50 mg/kg/body weight, when the non-fasting blood glucose level not on an empty stomach was 300 mg/dl or more in blood collected from the tail vein, it was regarded as diabetic induction and then such diabetic-induced experimental animals were used in this experiment. The yield of crude polysaccharide obtained from OCM was found to be 0.31% and the ${\beta}$-glucan content 39.40%. As a result of analyzing NO on immune function, which is known as major physiological activity of crude polysaccharide, high NO viability was shown; when 1 mg/ml LPS was treated at 1 ug/ml, it was found to be 50.77 uM, and when LPS was treated at 10 ug/m, it was found to be 53.78 uM. Also, regarding cancer cells, cell count was decreased by about 26% in proportion to sample concentration, while for normal cells, it was a little decreased in proportion to concentration, however, cell count was maintained in the range of $81.92{\sim}98.16%$ at all concentrations. In case of blood glucose level, it was decreased in all extract-treated groups compared to DC group and in the cases of ALT and AST, they were found to be lower in extract-treated groups compared to PC group and for serum lipid, it was found to be lower in UE100 group compared to PC group. Thus this study tried to utilize these results as fundamental data for development of preventive and therapeutic agents against diabetes as well as functional foods using the crude polysaccharide of mushrooms.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.96-104
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• 2017

To obtain the immunomodulating polysaccharide from chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus sclerotia, IO), crude polysac- charide fractions (IO-M-CP and IO-CP, respectively) prepared from hot-water extract (IO-W) of I. obliquus by EtOH precipitation after MeOH reflux or not. After IO-W was re-dissolved in water followed by EtOH addition in the case without MeOH reflux, EtOH mixture was fractionated into EtOH-soluble (IO-E) and crude polysaccharide (IO-CP). In the meanwhile, MeOH-soluble fraction (IO-M) was separated from IO-W after MeOH reflux. The residue was dissolved in water and was added by EtOH, and then EtOH mixture was also fractionation into EtOH-soluble (IO-M-E) and crude polysaccharide (IO-M-CP). As a result of the macrophage stimulating activity of these fractions, IO-CP and IO-M-CP showed significantly increased cell proliferation and cytokines production than IO-W. Particularly, IO-M-CP promotes the production of IL-12 more than IO-CP. In the splenocytes proliferating activity and intestinal immune system modulating activity through Peyer's patch, both of 2 crude polysaccharide fractions were significantly promoted in cell proliferation and cytokines production than IO-W, and IO-M-CP was more potent than IO-CP in IL-2 production from splenocytes and GM-CSF production ($10{\mu}g/mL$) in Peyer's patch cells. In addition, immunomodulating polysaccharide fractions (IO-M-CP and IO-CP) prepared from IO-W by EtOH precipitation with or without EtOH reflux showed no significant difference in the chemical composition and component sugar. These results suggested that MeOH reflux might exclude low-molecular weight materials from IO-W and consequently increase the immunomodulating activity of IO-M-CP. Therefore, it was confirmed that immunomodulation of polysaccharide prepared from hot-water extract of chaga mushroom was enhanced by fractionation including MeOH reflux and EtOH precipitation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1092-1097
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• 2004

The objective of the current study was to determine the effects of the crude polysaccharide isolated from fruit body of Pleurotus eryngii on mouse splenocytes, B cells, and macrophages in vitro. The crude polysaccharides directly induced the proliferation of spleen cells in a dose-dependent manner and increased IL-6 and IFN-${\gamma}$ synthesis. The crude polysaccharides also increased the proliferation of B cells in a dose-dependent manner. The production of immunoglobulin Gl, G2a and IgG3 in the presence of the crude polysaccharides was increased progressively in the culture supernatant. When the crude polysaccharide were used in macrophage cell line (RA W264.7) stimulation, there were marked induction of NO synthesis in a dose-dependent manner and IL-6, TNF- r and GM-CSF synthesis. These results suggest that the crude polysaccharide isolated from fruit body of Pleurotus eryngii seem to act as a potent immunomodulator causing augmentation of immune cell activity, and thus could be used as a biological response modifier having possible therapeutic effects against immunological disorders, without any side effects.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 1994

This study was carried out to Investigate the effects of Panax ginseng, Ganoderma lucidum extract and crude polysaccharide of G. lucidum on the growth of lactic acid bacteria. p. ginseng extract contained 60.7% carbohydrate and 27.5% protein, whereas G. lucidum contained 35.9% carbohydrate and 46.3% protein. The total sugar and protein content of crude polysaccharide of G. lucidum were 47.2% and 15.2%, respectively. Two amino acids(hg, Trp) were detected in p. ginseng extract and 11 amino acids (hg, Trp, Ua, Lys, Ser, etc.) in C. lucidum extract. By the addition of p. ginseng, 5. lucidum extract and crude polysaccharide, the cia. p. ginseng was more effective on the growth of 1. casei an: G. lucidum was more effective on that of S. thermophilus. The effect of free amino acids on the growth of tactic acid bacteria was also examined. Arginine and lysine stimulated the growth of L. casei, whereas Lysine, serine, arginine, and glutamic acid stimulated the growth of 5. thermophilus.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.6-14
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• 2011

The polysaccharides from fruit body of Auricularia auricula and Tremella fuciformis were extracted using hot water, and partially purified through ethanol precipitation and dialysis. Free radical scavenging activities of the crude and purified polysaccharides were examined and compared each other. Free radical scavenging activities of the partially purified polysaccharides were higher than those of crude polysaccharides. DPPH free radical, ABTS radical and SOD-like activities of partially purified polysaccharide at 1 mg/mL of concentration from A. auricula were 61.7, 9.6 and 38.9%, respectively, while those of T. fuciformis were 9.6, 5.7 and 15.3%, respectively. Results of site and non-site specific hydroxyl radical scavenging activities indicated that the partially purified polysaccharide fractions from A. auricula and T. fuciformis exhibited the hydroxyl radical scavenging effect by hydrogen donating ability and iron ion chelating ability. Also, reducing powers of A. auricula and T. fuciformis were 77.1 and 14.7% of BHT (0.1%) as standard, respectively. It was suggested that antioxidant activities of A. auricula were about 1.4~6.4 times higher than those of T. fuciformis due to different levels of polyphenol content.