• Title/Summary/Keyword: deflection

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A Study on Micro Tool Deflection in Micro Endmilling Process (마이크로 엔드밀링 시 공구 변형에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, G.H.;Yoon, G.S.;Heo, Y.M.;Jung, W.C.;Cho, M.W.
    • Transactions of Materials Processing
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    • v.15 no.9 s.90
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    • pp.654-659
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    • 2006
  • In this paper, the real shapes of micro tool deflection were observed. In micro endmilling process, micro tool deflection generates very serious problems in contrast to macro tool deflection. For analyzing the micro tool deflection, the trend of micro tool deflection was observed using real captured images in this paper. To get the real images of micro tool deflection, micro slot cutting processes were executed under cutting volume using micro endmill($Dia.\;200{\mu}m$) and real images of tool deflection were obtained during cutting processing by high-speed camera. Finally, the extent of tool deflection was calculated by the deflection angle according to cutting volume.

The Flexibility Estimation of Alignment for Propulsion Shaft System using the Approximated Hull Deflection Curve (선체 변형 근사곡선을 이용한 추진축계 정렬의 유연성 평가)

  • Sun, Jin-Suk;Lee, Yong-Jin;Kim, Ue-Kan
    • Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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    • v.33 no.1
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    • pp.28-36
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    • 2009
  • In this paper, based on the measured data of hull deflection, an approximated hull deflection curve is drawn using reverse analyzed hull deflection data and the estimation method for flexibility analysis of shaft alignment is proposed by use of the approximate hull deflection curve. Generally an offset value of after stern tube bearing is a datum point with an fore stern tube bearing however the shaft alignment has a tendency which is able to get higher flexibility if the shafting system has the deflection value from after stern tube bearing as reference to bottom direction according to results of on this study. By applying this result of study, the shaft alignment for next similar ships will be able to estimate how to follow the hull deflection and how to be influenced by hull deflection at shaft alignment analysis state using the approximated hull deflection curve.

The Mechanical Behavior and the Anatomical Changes of Wood due to Variation of Deflection Rates

  • Kang, Chun Won
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.33 no.5 s.133
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    • pp.7-12
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    • 2005
  • The objective of this study is to estimate the mechanical behavior in bending and the anatomical changes of wood under several deflection rates. Sample specimens of water-saturated Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) were stressed to rupture under several deflection rates. Mechanical properties of wood such as modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture and stress at proportional limit, and anatomical changes affected by deflection rates were estimated. Microscopic observations on compression side of the test specimens when the specimen was loaded to rupture were carried out by the SEM (scanning electron microscopy). The results are summarized as follows: 1. The mechanical properties of wood were affected by variations of the deflection rates. The modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and stress at proportional limit were in proportion to the logarithm of deflection rates. 2. The deflection of wood at rupture in bending increased as deflection rates decreased. 3. The variations of the microscopic deformations of sample specimens were closely related to the deflection of wood at rupture. In case of largely deflected wood by maximum bending load, severe and abundant microscopic deformations were observed.

The Influence and Treatment Method of Extraneous Deformation & Unstability on the Flexural Toughness of FRC (FRC의 휨인성 평가시 외부변형과 불안정성의 영향 및 처리방안)

  • Kim, Kyoung-Soo;Kim, Nam-Wook;Lim, Jeong-Hwan;Bae, Ju-Seong
    • Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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    • v.6 no.3
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    • pp.119-128
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    • 2002
  • This study discusses the issues related to the accuracy of deflection measurement and unstable energy in the testing of FRC. Some deflection methods may include large extraneous deformations. A faulty load-deflection curve will be obtained if an unstable deflection measuring system is used, and inaccurate toughness evaluation can result from this faulty curve. Some load-deflection curve of FRC may be attributed to unstable region of the load-deflection curve. If the unstable region is not correctly evaluated toughness indices from the curve would inappropriately represent true indices. In this paper, the discussion will focus on the effects of the deflection measuring system both on the measurement of the load-deflection response of FRC and the evaluation of FRC toughness and the effects of the unstable region and the management method of unstable region on toughness evaluation of FRC. It is observed that ASTM toughness indices which is based on measured deflection at first cracking is influenced significantly by extraneous deformation of deflection measurement. Extraneous deformation in deflection measurement, however result in negligible errors in toughness evaluation if JSCE and JCI definitions are used.

Study of the thermal deflection error and the deflection error induced by the cutting force (절삭공구의 열변형 오차 및 절삭력 변형 오차에 관한 연구)

  • Oh, Myung-Seok;Yoon, In-Jun;Baek, Dae-Kyun
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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    • v.5 no.4
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    • pp.373-378
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    • 2002
  • This paper presents a method to predict tool deflection induced by the thermal distribution and the cutting force using FEM in milling operation. The thermal distribution of cutting tool was predicted using FEM after measuring the temperature of the end of tool and of the tool holder. The thermal deflection of cutting tool was predicted using FEM as well. The tool deflection induced by the cutting force was analyzed with the solid model of cutting tool. An end mill tool caused most of tool deflection comparing to tool holder. Most of thermal deflection came from Z-direction and most of tool deflection induced by the cutting force came from X and Y direction. Precision cutting will be accomplished when tool locations are generated considering the thermal deflection of cutting tool and the tool deflection induced by the cutting force in CAD/CAM.

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Deflection Characteristics of the Rice Stalk in Harvesting Operation by Combine for Multi-crops (보통형 콤바인의 수확작업에 관계하는 벼줄기의 굽힘특성)

  • 김영근;홍종태;최중섭
    • Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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    • v.28 no.6
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    • pp.485-490
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    • 2003
  • Flexural rigidity(EI) and deflection characteristics of rice stalks were studied to investigate the mechanical interaction between a rice stalk and a combine reel in harvesting. Deflection of a rice stalk caused by reel operation is so large that conventional equation of small deflection fer elastic beam cannot be applied to the study of deflection characteristics. Therefore, an equation of large deflection for elastic beam was introduced in this study. Feasibility of this equation was examined by comparing theoretical calculation with the measured results for piano wire, and by the relationship between deflection and load acting on a rice stalk which was presumed by this equation. Results showed that the large deflection equation could predict the measurement data quite well. From this research, the following results were obtained. 1. Flexural rigidity(EI) calculated from the equation of large deflection was 4.0${\times}$l0$^4$N$.$$\textrm{mm}^2$(diameter 1.4mm, deflection 300mm) while the actual EI value of a piano wire(diameter 1.4mm) was 3.9${\times}$10$^4$N$.$$\textrm{mm}^2$. 2. The relationship between deflection and load acting on a rice stalk could be presumed by the large deflection equation. Flexural rigidity values of tested rice stalks calculated from the equation of large deflection were 1.6∼2.4${\times}$ l0$^4$N$.$$\textrm{mm}^2$(Hwa sung), 2.7∼3.5${\times}$ l0$^4$N$.$$\textrm{mm}^2$(Il pum) and 1.7∼2.4${\times}$ l0$^4$N$.$$\textrm{mm}^2$(Damakum)

Dynamic deflection monitoring of high-speed railway bridges with the optimal inclinometer sensor placement

  • Li, Shunlong;Wang, Xin;Liu, Hongzhan;Zhuo, Yi;Su, Wei;Di, Hao
    • Smart Structures and Systems
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    • v.26 no.5
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    • pp.591-603
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    • 2020
  • Dynamic deflection monitoring is an essential and critical part of structural health monitoring for high-speed railway bridges. Two critical problems need to be addressed when using inclinometer sensors for such applications. These include constructing a general representation model of inclination-deflection and addressing the ill-posed inverse problem to obtain the accurate dynamic deflection. This paper provides a dynamic deflection monitoring method with the placement of optimal inclinometer sensors for high-speed railway bridges. The deflection shapes are reconstructed using the inclination-deflection transformation model based on the differential relationship between the inclination and displacement mode shape matrix. The proposed optimal sensor configuration can be used to select inclination-deflection transformation models that meet the required accuracy and stability from all possible sensor locations. In this study, the condition number and information entropy are employed to measure the ill-condition of the selected mode shape matrix and evaluate the prediction performance of different sensor configurations. The particle swarm optimization algorithm, genetic algorithm, and artificial fish swarm algorithm are used to optimize the sensor position placement. Numerical simulation and experimental validation results of a 5-span high-speed railway bridge show that the reconstructed deflection shapes agree well with those of the real bridge.

Influence of Extraneous Deformation on the Toughness of Fiber Reinforced Concrete (외부변형이 섬유보강콘크리트의 인성에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Kyoung-Soo;Ko, Young-Zoo;Lim, Jeong-Whan;Bae, Ju-Seong
    • Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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    • v.4 no.1
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    • pp.111-120
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    • 2000
  • This study discusses the issues related to the accuracy of deflection measurement in the testing of FRC. Some deflection methods may include large extraneous deformations. such as local crushing at the loading points, elastic and inelastic deformations of the loading fixture, etc. A faulty load-deflection curve will be obtained if an unstable deflection measuring system is used, and incorrect toughness evaluation can be reached on the basis of this faulty curve. In this paper, the discussion will focus on the effects of the deflection measuring system on both the measurement of the load-deflection response of FRC and the evaluation of FRC toughness. It is observed that ASTM toughness indices which is based on measuring deflection at first cracking is influenced significantly by extraneous deformation in deflection measurement. But extraneous deformation in deflection measurement result in negligible errors in toughness evaluation using JSCE and JCI definition. However, in order to evaluate toughness accuracy, it is desirable to use net load-deflection curve eliminated extraneous deformation.

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Closed Form Expression of Cutting Forces and Tool Deflection in End Milling Using Fourier Series (푸리에 급수를 이용한 엔드밀링 절삭력 및 공구변형 표현)

  • Ryu, Shi-Hyoung
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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    • v.23 no.9 s.186
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    • pp.76-83
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    • 2006
  • Machining accuracy is closely related with tool deflection induced by cutting forces. In this research, cutting forces and tool deflection in end milling are expressed as a closed form of tool rotational angle and cutting conditions. The discrete cutting fores caused by periodic tool entry and exit are represented as a continuous function using the Fourier series expansion. Tool deflection is predicted by direct integration of the distributed loads on cutting edges. Cutting conditions, tool geometry, run-outs and the stiffness of tool clamping part are considered together far cutting forces and tool deflection estimation. Compared with numerical methods, the presented method has advantages in prediction time reduction and the effects of feeding and run-outs on cutting forces and tool deflection can be analyzed quantitatively. This research can be effectively used in real time machining error estimation and cutting condition selection for error minimization since the form accuracy is easily predicted from tool deflection curve.

Effects of Molding Conditions on the Deflection of Rib Moldings of Fiber-reinforced Plastic Composites in Compression Molding (섬유강화 플라스틱 복합재료의 압축성형에서 리브 성형품의 휨에 미치는 성형조건의 영향)

  • Kim, Jin-Woo;Lee, Jung-Hoon;Lee, Dong-Gi
    • Journal of Advanced Engineering and Technology
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    • v.10 no.3
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    • pp.285-290
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    • 2017
  • Molding of body with ribs is the most difficult during flow molding process. The rib area is easy to be deformed at the rear side due to wall thickness variation. In this study, relationships between molding condition and deflection of rib-shaped part is investigated during the compression molding of fiber reinforced plastic composites, and the following results are derived. Polypropylene(PP), Polystyrene(PS), and stampable sheet(SS 40wt%) show the increment of deflection along with releasing temperature. For the correlation between incremental holding pressure load and deflection, stampable sheet exhibits lower deflection along with higher holding pressure, while PS shows significant increase of deflection with higher holding pressure, PP shows completely different characteristic, significant reduction of deflection along with higher holding pressure. Regarding to mold temperature and deflection, deflection amount of SS is the biggest, and PS shows the smallest. In addition, all three kinds shows the highest amount of deflection at 173C. Deflection is reduced when mold closing speed is increased. Amount of deflection in SS is larger and is not highly dependent on molding conditions like holding pressure and cooling parameters, compared with single component material like PP. This can be elucidated by anisotropic and inhomogeneous characteristics of glass fiber during filling process of stampable sheet composite.