• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1515-1515
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• 2001

Retrogradation of starch is one of important quality indexes for food based on starch such as rice. Therefore, in this research, possibility of near infrared spectroscopy to determine the degree of the retrogradation was examined. The degree of the retrogradation was indicated as the degree of geratinization analyzed by BAP(-amylase-pullulanase) method. 20 samples which have a wide range of the degree of the retrogradation were prepared and the NIR spectra of the samples were measured in reflectance mode with the NIR Systems 6500. In the correlation plots calculated from the 2nd derivative values of the MSC treated spectra and the degree of the geratinization, the major negative peaks of 1544 nm and 2258 nm, and the major positive peaks of 1460 nm, 1602 nm, 1766 nm and 2136 nm could be observed, indicating that NIR absorption at the positive peak wavelengths became strong while the absorption at the negative peak wavelengths became weak as the degree of the retrogradation increased. Because there is negative correlation between the degree of the retrogradation and the degree of the geratinization. As a result of MLR using the 2nd derivative values of the MSC treated spectra and the degree of the geratinization, good calibration equation which include 2258 nm as the first wavelength and 1764 nm as the second one could be obtained, indicating that NIR spectroscopy has a possibility to detect the retrogradation of starch. In order to find the assignment of the bands observed in the correlation plots, further study may be needed.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.514-521
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• 2000

This study was induced to compare retrogradation and gelatinization in sulgie with added powder and flower of gamkug, which had been stored in 4$^{\circ}C$, 1$0^{\circ}C$ and 3$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. The addition of 5% powdered gamkug showed the highest degree of gelatinization while the control did the lowest. The degree of hardness of gamkugsulgie was lower than control and the following order 4$^{\circ}C$>1$0^{\circ}C$>3$0^{\circ}C$. Gamkugsulgie showed a little lower degree of retrogradation than control group. The degree of retrogradation at 4$^{\circ}C$ was far greater comparing with the other group. The degree of retrogradation were delayed as the storing temperature rose tran 4$^{\circ}C$ to 3$0^{\circ}C$, temperature namely, gamkugsulgie retrogradation time constant of the test group was slower 1.18 times at 4$^{\circ}C$. 1.24 times at 1$0^{\circ}C$ and 2.58 times at 3$0^{\circ}C$ than that of the control group.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.579-584
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• 1994

기존의 노화도 측정법은 분석시간이 오래 걸리고 노동력이 많이 드는 단점이 있어 이를 개선하기 위해 신속 간편하고 비파괴적인 근적외선 분광분석법(NIR)을 노화도측정에 적용하였다. 밥을 $4^{\circ}C$에서 저장하면서 6시간 간격으로 시료를 채취한 후 동결 건조하여 분말화 한 것을 시료로 하여, 각기 다른 노화($0.0%{\sim}47.1%$)를 나타내는 시료들의 노화도를 NIR을 이용하여 추정하였다. 표준분석법으로는 기존의 분석방법인 glucoamylase를 이용한 효소적 방법에 의해 호화도를 측정하여 이로부터 노화도를 산출하였다. 일정 수분함량인 각 시료의 2차 미분 스펙트럼으로 부터 노화에 의한 흡수(吸收)띠의 변이는 1360, 1434, 1528, 1700, 1780, 1928. 2100, 2284, 2320 nm 영역에서 관찰되었다. 수분함량 5% 이하의 분말시료 32개를 사용하여 이의 2차 미분 스펙트럼으로 부터 노화도를 추정하기 위한 검량식을 구하였으며, 이때 상관계수는 0.9753, SEC는 3.64% 및 SEP는 3.91%를 나타내어 노화도측정을 위한 NIR의 적용 가능성을 보여주었다. 각기 다른 수분함량을 갖는 시료의 노화도 측정에 이 검량식을 적용할 경우 측정시료의 수분함량이 7.0%, 11.4%로 증가함에 따라 SEP와 bias가 증가하고 상관계수가 낮아져 NIR에 의한 노화도의 측정시에는 검량식의 작성에 사용된 5% 이하의 수분함량의 시료를 사용하여야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.126-131
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• 1999

We have got the following results from tests in the course of time retrogradation and taste change in bread with added flour of Angelica keiskei Koidz, which had been stored in room temperature (27±2oC), refrigerating(2±1oC) and freezing( 20±1oC), respectively. Bread with the added flour showed a little lower degree of retrogradation than control group, and every group in room temperature retrograded from the very first day. The degree of retrogradation of the group in refrigerating was far greater comparing with the group in room temperature. The longer bread was stored, the lower the degree of retrogradation was, and the higher the adding rate of the flour got, the later its retrogradation happened. Especially the flour of this vegetable's stem turned out to be the most effective in retarding its retrogradation. Group stored 30 days in freezing didn't show a wide difference in retrograde comparing with the group before storage. Preference for color and shape of the flour added bread stored in room temperatue, refrigerating and freezing did not change significantly from the group before storage. Although preference decreased for flavor, texture, mouth feel and overall quality with the lapse of time, flour added group improved in preference for these factors comparing with the control group. Above all, added flour of pretreated stem proved to be the most effective in the sensory tests. With respect to the storing method, the group stored in refrigerating showed greater preference for the texture and mouth feel over the groups in room temperature and freezing. Flavor preference of the group in freezing was the lowest of all.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.705-709
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• 1997

압력이 각각 다른 솥에서 취반한 밥의 전기밥솥 보온 중 일어나는 노화 특성을 실험한 결과, $1.0{\sim}1.9$기압의 압력솥에서 $1.2{\sim}1.5$배의 가수량으로 취반하였을 때 밥의 수분함량은 $59.9{\sim}64.3%$로 나타났다. 압력이 높은 솥에서 취반한 밥일수록 X-ray 회절도상에서 결정성이 거의 없는 V도형을 나타내었다. DSC에 의하여 측정했을 때 $41.9{\sim}62.4%$의 범위에서 노화peak가 나타났고, 1.5기압 이상에서 취반한 경우는 peak가 나타나지 않았다. 또한 보온시간이 길어질수록 노화엔탈피는 증가하였으나, 1.7기압 이상에서 취반한 경우는 peak가 나타나지 않았다. ${\alpha}-amylase-iodine$법에 의한 취반직후나 보온 중 밥의 노화도는 고압의 압력솥에서 취반할수록 낮게 나타났다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.355-363
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• 1999

The experiments were carried out to elucidate the varietal variation of retrogradation in aged cooked rice and its association with some physicochemical properties of milled rice. The fifteen rice materials were selected from forty-three low-amylose japonica and Tongil-type rice cultivars based on palatability and retrogradation of cooked rice stratified by preliminary sensory evaluation of warm and cooled cooked rice. One japonica glutinous rice variety was included for comparison of retrogradation of cooked rice. The $\alpha$-amylase-iodine method was adopted for checking the varietal difference in retrogradation of cooked rice. The desirable checking time for evaluating the varietal difference in deterioration of aged cooked rice was four hours after storing in room temperature and two hours after preserving in refrigerator based on the largest coefficients of variations in degree of retrogradation of cooked rice. The rice cultivars revealing the relatively slow retrogradation in aged cooked rice were Ilpumbyeo, Chucheongbyeo, Sasanishiki, Jinbubyeo and Koshihikari. A Tongil-type rice, Taebaegbyeo, and a japonica cultivar, Seomjinbyeo, showed the relatively fast deterioration of cooked rice. The retrogadation index represented by the percentage of retrogradation difference between warm and cooled cooked rice to original estimates of warm cooked rice was significantly affected by the degree of retrogradation of cooled cooked rice. Generally, the better rice cultivars in eating quality of cooked rice showed less retrogradation and much sponginess in cooled cooked rice. Also, the rice varieties exhibiting less retrogradation in cooled cooked rice revealed higher hot viscosity and lower cool viscosity of rice flour in amylogram. The sponginess of cooled cooked rice was closely associated with magnesium content and volume expansion of cooked rice. The hardness-changed ratio of cooked rice by cooling was negatively correlated with solids amount extracted during boiling and volume expansion of cooked rice. The major physicochemical properties of rice grain closely related to the palatability of cooked rice may be directly or indirectly associated with the retrogradation characteristics of cooked nce. The varietal difference in retrogradation of cooked rice can be effectively classified by scatter diagram on the plane of upper two principal components based on some retrogradation properties of cooked rice. The deteriorated structural change in cooled cooked rice by observing through the scanning electron microscope was more conspicuous in the fastly retrograded cooked rice than in the slower one.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.162-165
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• 1996

단백질과 지방이 풍부한 우수 단백질원인 대두를 볶아서 절편에 첨가(0, 5, 10, 15, 20%)하여 제조한 콩절편의 소화율, 호화도를 조사하고 백절편과 콩절편 (기호도 측면에서 가장 우수한 콩가루 5％ 첨가군)에 대하여 노화 속도를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1.콩가루의 양을 달리 첨가(0, 5, 10, 15, 20%)하여 제조한 콩절편의 환원력은 각각 54.8% , 58.3%, 62.3%, 66.7%, 72.1%로서 콩가루 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 전분의 in vitro 소화율이 향상되었다. 2. 호화도는 백절편이 87.2%, 5% 콩가루 첨가군이 88.4%, 15% 콩가루 첨가군이 88.8%, 20% 콩가루 첨가군이 89%로 나타남으로써 호화도가 미세한 정도로 향상되었다. 3. 노화속도는 저장중 경도 변화로부터 분석하였으며 대조구와 5% 콩가루 첨가군에서 노화속도 상수는 0.528 day이었고, 이때 시간 상수는(1/k)는 1.89일이었다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.7-15
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• 1997

The composition and polymeric structure of starch are the most important factors to determine the functional properties of rice. In an effort to relate the structural characteristics and its functional properties of starch in rice, molecular structural properties of starch from 6 rice cultivars were analysed. To relate the structure and function of starch the texture of Jeung-pyun made of rice were analyzed during retrogradation. The polymeric structure of rice starch was analyzed by debranching with isoamylase after gelatinization and fractionated with Sephadex G-75 gel filteration. The size fractionated debranched starch was categorized into four groups such as Fraction I, II, III and Intermediate Fraction depending in their max, The fractions with the max higher than 620 nm were designated as Fraction I, while those in the range of 600-620 nm and 540-600 nm as the Intermediate Fraction and Fraction II, respectively. The Fractions with the max lower than 540 were described as Fraction III. The average degree of polymerization (DP) of the Fraction I was estimated to be higher than 200, and those of other fractions, i.e. the Intermediate Fraction I, Fraction II and III were 150,45 and 25, respectively. The levels of Fraction I were varied from II to 35％ of total sugar. The Fraction I showed the linear relationship with the amylse contents, and the Intermediate Fraction, which might contain the mixture of short chain of amylose and debranched long chain of amylopectin, were measured to be in the range of 2.7∼8.4%. The levels of fraction II and III, both to be considered as the branches of amylopectin, were ranged 14.5∼23.6% and 39.7∼73.0%, respectively. The ratio of Fraction III to Fraction II describing the degree of branch or compactness of amylopectin was estimated to be around 4.0 for waxy varieties and around 2.0 for high amylose cultivars. With these results, it can be suggested that the degree of branch of the amylopectin may effect on amylose contents of starch or rice versa, To invertigate processing aptitude of different rice cultivars for the preparation of Jeung-pyun, its texture was analyzed by Instron, hardness, cohesiveness, elasticity, gumminess and chewiness of Jeung-pyun made of rice showed the significant relationship with the amylose content. Hardness was increased during retrogradation of product, but the relationship between hardness and amylose content due to not only difference in amylose content but also difference in structural characteristics of starch. In analysis of relationship between structure of rice starch and mechanical properties of Jeung-pyun during retrogradation elasticity did not show any relationship before retrogradation bur during retrogradation showed significant correlation. With these result, it can be suggested that the degree of branch of the amylopectin may effect on elasticity during retrogradation. However hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness which were significant different before retrogradation, showed some correlation with structure of rice starch during retrigradation.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.404-409
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• 1992

치환도를 달리한 hydroxypropyl화 감자전분과 acetyl화 감자전분을 제조하여 이를 원료로 제조한 starch gel에 대한 냉동 해동 안정성과 냉장저장 안정성에 대한 pH의 영향을 조사하여 각 pH에서의 치환도에 따른 노화도를 비교 검토하였으며, 또한 이들의 팽윤력에 대한 pH 및 온도의 영향을 비교 검토하였다. 노화도는 냉장저장한 gel보다는 냉동 해동을 반복한 gel의 노화도가 더 큰 값을 나타내었으며, pH4>6>8>10의 순서로 노화도가 감소하였다. 치환도가 커질수록 노화도는 감소하였는데 천연 감자 전분보다는 ace1화 감자전분이, acetyl화 감자전분보다는 hydroxypropyl화 감자전분의 노화도가 더 적은 값을 나타내었으며, 특히 hydroxypropyl화 감자전분의 경우 pH 10에서 치환도가 클수록 gel의 안정성이 더 우수하였다. 팽윤력은 pH에 의한 영향보다는 온도에 의한 영향력이 더 켰으며, 변성전분의 치환도가 증가할수록 팽윤력이 증가하였고, acetyl화 감자전분보다는 hydroxypropyl화 감자전분이 우수하였다. 또 동일한 은도에서의 팽윤력은 pH10>2>8>4>6의 순서로 감소하였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.370-374
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• 1994

본 실험은 호화 옥수수전분 분말의 저장 중 이의 노화에 미치는 저장온도 및 수분활성도의 영향에 대하여 조사하였다. 저장 중 노화도는 효소적 평가방법을 이용하였으며 이로부터 노화속도상수를 Avrami식을 이용하여 구하였다. 저장 중 일어난 노화도는 수분활성도 0.8을 전후하여 큰 차이를 나타내었다. 수분활성도 0.52 및 0.75에서는 저장온도에 관계없이 거의 차이가 없었으며, 일어난 노화도도 작았다. 그러나 수분활성도 0.83, 0.88, 0.93에서는 저장온도 간의 차이가 컸으며, 노화 또한 크게 일어났다. 이런 현상은 온도가 낮아질수록 뚜렷해졌다. 그리고 수분활성도 0.43에서는 3중의 저장기간 중에 일어난 노화도가 3.9%보다 작게 나타나 노화가 일어날 수 있는 임계수분활성도는 0.43으로 추정된다. 24일간 저장한 호화 옥수수전분의 경우 $4^{\circ}C,\;20^{\circ}C$및$30^{\circ}C$의 세 가지 저장온도에서 공히 수분활성도 0.8에서 0.9사이의 경우 30%, 0.9이상에서의 경우 50% 이상의 노화가 일어났으나 수분활성도 0.8 이하의 경우는 20% 정도의 낮은 노화도를 보였다. 노화속도상수는 $20^{\circ}C$와 $30^{\circ}C$에서는 수분 활성도간의 차이가 작았으나, $4^{\circ}C$에서는 수분활성도간의 차이가 컸다. 또한 온도가 낮아질수록 수분활성도간의 차이에 따른 노화속도상수의 차이가 보다 뚜렷하게 나타났다. Avrami 식에 의해 구한 Avrami 지수는 온도 및 수분활성도데 관계없이 모두 거의 1.0의 값을 나타내었다. 속도상수는 저장온도가 낮을수록, 저장수분활성도가 높을수록 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다.하였다. 이상의 결과에 의하여 저장 25일 경까지는 빙장의 경우가 가장 양호 하였고 , 0.2% $NaHSO_{3}$ 용액에 침지하여 $-35^{\circ}C$에서 저장한 시료가 저장 85일경과 후에도 품질면에서 가장 우수하였다.찹쌀 또는 멥쌀만 사용한 경우보다 두 원료를 혼합했을 경우에 그 효과가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 없다는 것을 보여준다.열속도는 급속히 증가하였다.하였다. 6. 수분(水分) potential 엽수분함량(葉水分含量)이 동일(同一)한 조건(條件)에서 콩보다 인삼(人蔘)이 낮았으며, 수분(水分) potential과 광합성(光合成) 및 기공식도도(氣孔傳導度)와는 고도(高度)의 정(正)의 상관(相關)이있었다. 7. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)를 종합(綜合)해 볼 때, 인삼(人蔘)의 광합성(光合成)이 타식물(他植物)보다 낮은 것은 기공식도도(氣孔傳導度)와 수분(水分) potential이 낮은 것과도 밀접(密接)한 관계(關係)가 있을 것으로 생각된다.g\;/\;\ell$ 처리(處理)의 대부분(大部分)이 주당(株當) 본수(本數)가 거의 1개체(個體) 정도(程度)이도 발육상태(發育狀態)도 불량(不良)하였으나 NAA $4mg\;/\;\ell\;Kinetin\;2mg\;/\;\ell$ 그리고 활성탄(活性炭) $1g\;/\;\ell$ 첨가처리(添加處理)에서 만이 주당(株當) 본수(本數)가 2.3개이고 개체당(個體當) 발근수(發根數)가 월등(越等)히 많았다. 5. 실험결과(實驗結果) 마 경절편(莖節片) 배양(培養)의 Shoot유가(誘起)에 가장 효과적(效果的)인 배지(培地)는 1/8MS+1AA $2mg\;/\;\ell+Kinetin\;2mg\;/\;\ell$+활성탄(活性炭)