• 정보와 통신
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• 제28권12호
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• pp.69-82
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• 2011

In recent years, the employment of directional antennas in ad hoc networks has significantly increased. MAC protocols for ad hoc networks with directional antennas have the potentiality of spatial reuse, large coverage range and network capacity, which mitigates the negative effects associated with omnidirectional antenna systems. However, they suffer from some issues such as hidden terminal problems, deafness, neighbor discovery, flaws with directional carrier sensing, etc. In this paper, we have surveyed the MAC protocols for ad hoc networks with directional antennas, which have been published in the literature, and compared them qualitatively in terms of major characteristics and network performances.

• 한국정보과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보과학회 2003년도 가을 학술발표논문집 Vol.30 No.2 (3)
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• pp.598-600
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• 2003

Ad­hoc 무선 망에서 directional antenna의 사용은 interference를 감소시키고 spatial reuse의 증가, 그리고 네트워크 전체의 capacity 증가 등의 장점을 제공한다. 하지만 기존의 IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol은 omnidirectional antenna를 고려하여 디자인되었기 때문에 기존의 MAC protocol이 directional antennas에 사용될 경우 directional antennas의 장점을 효율적으로 제공하지 못한다. Directional antenna는 이러한 장점을 가지는 반면에 RTS/CTS를 방향성 있는 전송을 하기 때문에 hidden terminal과 이웃 노드의 위치를 파악하는데 있어서 많은 문제를 가지고 있다. 이 논문에서 우리가 제안하는 MAC protocol은 directional antennas 특성상의 문제점을 해결하여 directional antennas의 장점을 최대한 이용한다.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.98-101
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• 2012

The directional medium access control (MAC) protocol improves the throughput of mobile ad hoc networks but has a deafness problem and requires location information for neighboring nodes. In the dual-channel directional MAC protocol [12], the use of omnidirectional packets does not require the exact location of destination node. In this letter, we propose a tone dual-channel MAC protocol with directional antennas to improve the throughput of mobile ad hoc networks. In the proposed MAC protocol, we use a directional CTS and an out-of-band directional DATA tone with a new blocking algorithm to improve the spatial reuse. We confirm the throughput performance of the proposed MAC protocol by computer simulations using the Qualnet simulator.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.884-891
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• 2016

The wireless mesh network (WMN) has attracted significant interests as a broadband wireless network to provide ubiquitous wireless access for broadband services. Especially with incorporating multiple orthogonal channels and multiple directional antennas into the WMN, each node can communicate with its neighbor nodes simultaneously without interference between them. However, as we allow more freedom, we need a more sophisticated algorithm to fully utilize it and developing such an algorithm is not easy in general. In this paper, we study a joint channel assignment, link scheduling, routing, and rate control problem for the WMN with multiple orthogonal channels and multiple directional antennas. This problem is inherently hard to solve, since the problem is formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear problem (MINLP). However, despite of its inherent difficulty, we develop an algorithm to solve the problem by using the generalized Benders decomposition approach [2]. The simulation results show the proposed algorithm provides the optimal solution to maximize the network utility, which is defined as the sum of utilities of all sessions.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2005년도 추계종합학술대회
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• pp.7-10
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• 2005

Ad hoc MAC protocols using directional antennas can be used to improve the network capacity. Directional antennas have a Deafness problem and decrease throughput of the network caused by increasing backoff duration. Dual channel protocols have been proposed to mitigate the Deafness and hidden node problems. In this paper, we propose a dual channel MAC protocol using a directional antenna to mitigate the Deafness problem and increase the network capacity. The performance of the proposed Ad hoc MAC protocol is confirmed by computer simulations using Qualnet ver. 3.8 simulator.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.1028-1048
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• 2011

The relation of multicast transmission and directional antennas is an open problem that has been debated for a long period of time. In this paper, we propose a group-aware multicast scheme of efficient multicast communication using the directional antennas for 60GHz millimeter wave wireless networks. For this purpose, we first derive the relation among beamwidth, distance between devices and most suitable data rate in the 60GHz frequency-based wireless network. In addition, for the dynamic beamforming of multicast communication, the x and y coordinates of any point with sender device at the center is generated, and a best-chosen group is deduced based on the Euclidean distance. Then the most suitable data rate for the group is obtained using the law of cosine. Using the Standard IEEE 802.11ad MAC protocol as an example, extensive simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms the existing multicast communication schemes with directional antennas under different situations.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2006년도 하계종합학술대회
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• pp.57-58
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• 2006

Ad hoc MAC protocols using directional antennas can be used to improve the network capacity by improving spatial reuse. But, the directional MAC protocols have the problem of deafness and have a poor throughput performance. The dual-channel DMAC protocol has been proposed to mitigate deafness and improve spatial reuse. In this paper, we propose a dual-channel DMAC protocol using the omnidirectional antenna for an out-of-band tone and directional antennas for control/data channels. In the proposed MAC protocol, an omnidirectional out-of-band tone mitigates deafness and directional antennas used in control/data channels improve spatial reuse and reduce interference packets. The throughput performance of the proposed MAC protocol is confirmed by computer simulations using Qualnet ver. 3.8 simulator.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.607-617
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• 1999

본 논문에서는 실내환경에서 안테나의 빔 폭에 따른 편파 다이버시티 특성을 분석하고, 실내환경에 적합한 편파 다이버시티용 안테나를 제안하기 위하여 소형, 경량, 박형의 지향성 패턴을 갖는 이중편파 마이크로스트 립 배열 안테나를 이용하여 편파 다이버시티 특성을 살펴보았다. 제작된 안테나는 빔 폭이 각각 $70^{\circ}$와 $20^{\circ}$인 $1\times4$ 배열과 $4\times4$ 배열의 안테나이며, 중심주파수는 IMT-2000 주파수대역인 1890 MHz이다. 안테나의 빔 폭 에 따른 특성을 분석하기 위하여, 도파관 구조의 다양한 폭을 지닌 복도에서 측정을 하였으며. 이를 다이폴 안테나를 사용한 공간 다이버시티 기법의 결과와 비교하였다. 측정 및 분석 결과 제작된 지향성을 갖는 이중 편파 마이크로스트립 배열 안테나를 사용한 편파 다이버시티 기법이 공간 다이버시티 기볍보다 환경에 따라 약 1-7 dB이상의 더 높은 다이버시티 이득을 나타냈다. 따라서 실내환경구조에 따른 적합한 지향성 빔 패턴 을 갖는 안테나 및 다이버시티 시스댐 설계에 효과적으로 사용되어질 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:정보통신
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.16-27
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• 2006

무선 네트워크의 물리계층에서 이용하는 무선 전송매체는 전송 범위내의 모든 이웃 노드들이 동시에 전송 신호를 수신할 수 있는 브로드캐스트 전파 특성을 갖는다. 기존의 비동기 무선 MAC 프로토콜들은 신뢰성 있는 브로드캐스트에 대한 구제적인 해결 방안을 고려하지 않고 있다. 무지향성 브로드캐스트가 과다한 채널 경쟁과 충돌을 발생시켜 네트워크의 성능 저하를 야기하기 때문이다. 본 논문에서는 링크계층에서 지향성 안테나를 이용하여 지향성 브로드캐스트를 지원하는 MDB(MAC protocol for Directional Broadcast) 프로토콜을 제안한다. MDB 프로토콜은 DAST(Directional Antennas Statement Table) 정보와 4-way 핸드셰이크에 의한 D-MACA(Directional Multiple Access Collision Avoidance) 구조를 기반으로 Hidden Terminal 문제와 Deafness 문제를 해결한다. 성능 평가를 위해 MDB 프로토콜과 기존의 IEEE 802.11 DCF(Distributed Coordination Function) 프로토콜[9]와 참고문헌 [3]의 프로토콜 2를 비교대상으로 브로드캐스트로 인한 충돌 발생률과 브로드캐스트 완료율 관점에서 성능을 분석하였다. 성능 분석 결과는 네트워크 밀도가 높을수록 MDB 프로토콜이 기존의 프로토콜보다 높은 브로드캐스트 완료율과 낮은 충돌 발생률을 보였다.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.24-34
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• 2012

In this paper, the directional carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol in the immediate acknowledgement mode for IEEE 802.15.3c is analyzed under saturation environments. For the analysis, a sensing region and an exclusive region with a directional antenna are computed probabilistically and a Markov chain model in which the features of IEEE 802.15.3c and the effects of using directional antennas are incorporated is analyzed. An algorithm to find the maximal number of concurrently transmittable frames is proposed. The system throughput and the average transmission delay are obtained in closed forms. The numerical results show the impact of directional antennas on the CSMA/CA media access control (MAC) protocol. For instance, the throughput with a small beamwidth of antenna is more than ten times larger than that for an omnidirectional antenna. The overall analysis is verified by a simulation. The obtained results will be helpful in developing an MAC protocol for enhancing the performance of mmWave wireless personal area networks.