• 한국컴퓨터정보학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국컴퓨터정보학회 2012년도 제45차 동계학술발표논문집 20권1호
• /
• pp.51-54
• /
• 2012

전 세계적으로 유통되고 있는 가짜의약품으로 인하여 제약사들은 판매수익과 기업브랜드 이미지에 큰 피해를 입고 있으며 가짜 의약품을 복용한 소비자들은 생명에 위협을 받고 있는 실정이다. 이러한 가짜의약품의 유통을 근절시키기 위하여 세계 각국에서는 의약품의 생산에서부터 소비자에게 판매될 때까지, 즉 의약품 유통과정을 추적하여 가시성있는 이력관리를 할 수 있도록 RFID 및 barcode 등 IT기반의 e-Pedigree(electronic pedigree)를 법제화시키고 있지만 구체적이고 실질적인 구축방법이 제시되지 못하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 국내 제약산업의 유통합리화와 소비자 안전성을 제고시키기 위하여 RFID 기반의e-Pedigree 적용방안을 제시하는데 그 목적이 있고 더 나아가 세계 각 국가의 e-Pedigree 구축을 위한 참조모델 개발에 일조하고자 한다.

• 한국정보과학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국정보과학회 2012년도 한국컴퓨터종합학술대회논문집 Vol.39 No.1(C)
• /
• pp.286-288
• /
• 2012

Facing the counterfeiting acts towards various products, many manufacturers implement ePedigree system to secure their supply chain. Using ePedigree, a distribution history including a valid product identifier from the manufacturer until the final retailer is recorded. And this ePedigree is signed by each involved supply chain party using digital signature. With this digital signature, any unauthorized alteration to the ePedigree document would generate a failed verification process. If there is a counterfeit product using a fake ePedigree document, it wouldn't be able to pass the verification process either. Hence, there wouldn't be any counterfeit product that could enter the legal supply chain and bought by the consumer. We are proposing to use ECDSA instead of RSA since it has faster performance and shorter key size. At a certain same security level, ECDSA only needs 163 bits, while RSA needs 1024 bits.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국컴퓨터정보학회 2010년도 제42차 하계학술발표논문집 18권2호
• /
• pp.361-364
• /
• 2010

글로벌 시장환경체제에서 유통구조가 복잡해짐에 따라 제조사에서 유통업체 및 소비자까지 아우르는 전체 공급망에서 제품에 대한 이력추적관리는 투명한 유통구조를 형성시킬 뿐만 아니라 더 나아가 소비자들의 안전에 지대한 영향을 미친다. 세계보건기구(WHO)에 따르면 선진국에서 부정 전문의약품의 유통비중은 전체 의약품의 1% 정도이며 이를 미국에 적용할 경우(2006년 기준), 미국에서 유통된 34억 개 전문의약품 중 3,400만 개의 전문의약품이 가짜일 가능성이 있는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 이로 인해 미국 캘리포니아주에서는 유통망의 투명성과 소비자의 안전을 보고하기 위하여 2D 바코드나 RFID(Radio Frequency IDentification)를 통해 의약품 제조에서 약국까지의 유통과정 계보를 추적할 수 있도록 제약기업에 2015년부터 제품에 시리얼번호를 부착한 이력장치(serialized e-pedigree)를 시행할 예정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 국내 외적으로 물류/유통과정에서 제품의 위 변조를 예방하기 위한 e-pedigree에 현황 및 동태를 파악하고 국내 e-pedigree에 대한 방향성을 고찰하는데 그 목적이 있다.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.197-208
• /
• 2015

세계적으로 유통되고 있는 가짜의약품으로 인하여 제약사들은 판매수익과 기업브랜드 이미지에 큰 피해를 입고 있는 실정이고, 불법적으로 유통된 의약품이 복용 또는 투약된 환자(소비자)들은 생명에 위협을 받을 가능성이 점점 더 높아지고 있다. 이러한 가짜의약품의 유통을 근절시키기 위하여 세계 각국에서는 의약품의 생산에서부터 소비자에게 판매될 때까지 즉 의약품 유통과정을 추적하여 가시성있는 이력관리를 할 수 있도록 RFID 및 barcode 등 IT기반의 e-Pedigree(electronic pedigree)의 법제화 및 일련번호 관리제도를 도입하고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 국내 외 의약품 관리체계를 고찰하고 RFID 기반의 e-Pedigree 적용방안을 제시함으로써 국내 제약산업의 유통합리화와 이를 통한 소비자 안전성을 제고시키는데 그 목적이 있다.

• 정보통신설비학회논문지
• /
• 제9권3호
• /
• pp.112-118
• /
• 2010

This paper propose G-code and G-Pedigree system that are development based on the e-Pedigree and EPC, and RFID solutions for logistics management is proposed. The proposed G-Pedigree system to include the forward logistics and reverse logistics all logistics and management systems are appropriate for the event, with security features, security and accessibility of critical data was strengthened. The proposed G-code systems and the EPC code of the existing RFID readers, tags can be applied to, the more you can manage the logistics-related information.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국정보통신학회 2016년도 추계학술대회
• /
• pp.463-466
• /
• 2016

제품과 유통과정의 정보들을 유통 파트너 상호간에 공유하는 것은 제품 유통 과정의 기본적인 활동이며 유통의 성공을 보장하는 핵심 요구사항이다. 제품의 생산자부터 리테일에 이르기까지의 모든 이벤트를 저장하는 페디그리는 유통 체인의 모든 주체에게 추적 가능한 정보를 저장하고 공유하는 유연한 메커니즘을 제공하고 Public Key Infrastructure(PKI) 기반의 디지털 서명을 이용하여 공유하는 정보의 신뢰성을 제공한다. PKI를 통해 인증 가능한 서명을 하기 위해서 유통 체인의 주체들은 Certificate Authority(CA)로부터 PKI 인증서를 구매해야만 한다. 다수의 영세 조합원들로 구성된 농축산 협동조합의 경우 구성원들 모두가 PKI 인증서를 구매하는 것은 현실적으로 어렵고 이 것은 페디그리가 유통과정에 적용되는 데 있어서 큰 장애요소이다. 본 논문은 협동조합을 위한 페디그리 사설 인증 방법을 제안한다. 협동조합은 제안하는 전자 페디그리를 최소의 비용으로 조합 전체에 적용가능하며, 제안한 방법은 기존 전자 페디그리와 동일하게 정보의 신뢰성을 보장할 수 있다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제65권4호
• /
• pp.720-734
• /
• 2023

In Korea, Korea Proven Bulls (KPN) program has been well-developed. Breeding and evaluation of cows are also an essential factor to increase earnings and genetic gain. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of cow breeding value by using three methods (pedigree index [PI], pedigree-based best linear unbiased prediction [PBLUP], and genomic-BLUP [GBLUP]). The reference population (n = 16,971) was used to estimate breeding values for 481 females as a test population. The accuracy of GBLUP was 0.63, 0.66, 0.62 and 0.63 for carcass weight (CWT), eye muscle area (EMA), back-fat thickness (BFT), and marbling score (MS), respectively. As for the PBLUP method, accuracy of prediction was 0.43 for CWT, 0.45 for EMA, 0.43 for MS, and 0.44 for BFT. Accuracy of PI method was the lowest (0.28 to 0.29 for carcass traits). The increase by approximate 20% in accuracy of GBLUP method than other methods could be because genomic information may explain Mendelian sampling error that pedigree information cannot detect. Bias can cause reducing accuracy of estimated breeding value (EBV) for selected animals. Regression coefficient between true breeding value (TBV) and GBLUP EBV, PBLUP EBV, and PI EBV were 0.78, 0.625, and 0.35, respectively for CWT. This showed that genomic EBV (GEBV) is less biased than PBLUP and PI EBV in this study. In addition, number of effective chromosome segments (M_e) statistic that indicates the independent loci is one of the important factors affecting the accuracy of BLUP. The correlation between M_e and the accuracy of GBLUP is related to the genetic relationship between reference and test population. The correlations between M_e and accuracy were -0.74 in CWT, -0.75 in EMA, -0.73 in MS, and -0.75 in BF, which were strongly negative. These results proved that the estimation of genetic ability using genomic data is the most effective, and the smaller the M_e, the higher the accuracy of EBV.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제33권9호
• /
• pp.1369-1377
• /
• 2020

Objective: The main objectives of the present study were to assess the genetic diversity, population structure and to appraise the efficiency of ongoing selective breeding program in the closed nucleus herd of Nellore sheep through pedigree analysis. Methods: Information utilized in the study was collected from the pedigree records of Livestock Research Station, Palamaner during the period from 1989 to 2016. Genealogical parameters like generation interval, pedigree completeness, inbreeding level, average relatedness among the animals and genetic conservation index were estimated based on gene origin probabilities. Lambs born during 2012 and 2016 were considered as reference population. Two animal models either with the use of F_i or ΔF_i as linear co-variables were evaluated to know the effects of inbreeding on the growth traits of Nellore sheep. Results: Average generation interval and realized effective population size for the reference cohort were estimated as 3.38±0.10 and 91.56±1.58, respectively and the average inbreeding coefficient for reference population was 3.32%. Similarly, the effective number of founders, ancestors and founder genome equivalent of the reference population were observed as 47, 37, and 22.48, respectively. Fifty per cent of the genetic variability was explained by 14 influential ancestors in the reference cohort. The ratio f_e/f_a obtained in the study was 1.21, which is an indicator of bottlenecks in the population. The number of equivalent generations obtained in the study was 4.23 and this estimate suggested the fair depth of the pedigree. Conclusion: Study suggested that the population had decent levels of genetic diversity and a non-significant influence of inbreeding coefficient on growth traits of Nellore lambs. However, small portion of genetic diversity was lost due to a disproportionate contribution of founders and bottlenecks. Hence, breeding strategies which improve the genetic gain, widens the selection process and with optimum levels of inbreeding are recommended for the herd.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.25-36
• /
• 2015

The complex analysis of the pedigree records of Czech Landrace (CLA), Czech Large White-dam line (CLWd), Czech Large White-sire line (CLWs), Duroc (DC), and Pietrain (PN) was performed to determine trends of genetic diversity (GD), and to find the main sources of the GD loss. The total size of the pedigree was 132,365, 391,151, 32,913, 13,299, and 7,160 animals in CLA, CLWd, CLWs, DC, and PN, respectively. Animals born in the years 2011 through 2013 were assumed as the reference population. The average pedigree completeness index for one generation back was 95.9%, 97.4%, 91.2%, 89.8%, and 94.2% for appropriate breeds. Number of ancestors explaining 100% of gene pool was 186, 373, 125, 157, and 37 in CLA, CLWd, CLWs, DC, and PN, respectively. The relative proportion of inbred animals (58%, 58%, 54%, 47%, and 25%), the average inbreeding (2.7%, 1.4%, 2.5%, 3.6%, and 1.3%) and the average co-ancestry (3.1%, 1.6%, 3.3%, 4.2%, and 3.3%) were found over the past decade in analysed breeds. The expected inbreeding under random mating increased during the last 10 years in CLWs and PN and varied from 1.27% to 3.2%. The effective population size computed on the basis of inbreeding was 76, 74, 50, 35, and 83 in 2012 in CLA, CLWd, CLWs, DC, and PN, respectively. The shortest generation interval (1.45) was observed for CLWd in sire to son selection pathway. The longest generation interval obtained PN (1.95) in sire to daughter pathway. The average relative GD loss within last generation interval was 7.05%, 4.70%, 9.81%, 7.47%, and 10.46%, respectively. The relative proportion of GD loss due to genetic drift on total GD loss was 85.04%, 84.51%, 89.46%, 86.19%, and 83.68% in CLA, CLWd, CLWs, DC, and PN, respectively. All breeds were characterized by a high proportion of inbred animals, but the average inbreeding was low. The most vulnerable breeds to loss of GD are DC and PN. Therefore, a breeding program should be more oriented to prevent the increase of GD loss in these breeds.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제36권5호
• /
• pp.692-703
• /
• 2023

Objective: The main goals of this investigation were to i) assess the population structure and genetic diversity and ii) determine the efficiency of the ongoing breeding program in a closed flock of Angora rabbits through pedigree analysis. Methods: The pedigree records of 6,145 animals, born between 1996 to 2020 at NTRS, ICAR-CSWRI, Garsa were analyzed using ENDOG version 4.8 software package. The genealogical information, genetic conservation index and parameters based on gene origin probabilities were estimated. Results: Analysis revealed that, 99.09% of the kits had both parents recorded in the whole dataset. The completeness levels for the whole pedigree were 99.12%, 97.12%, 90.66%, 82.49%, and 74.11% for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th generations, respectively, reflecting well-maintained pedigree records. The maximum inbreeding, average inbreeding and relatedness were 36.96%, 8.07%, and 15.82%, respectively. The mean maximum, mean equivalent and mean completed generations were 10.28, 7.91, and 5.51 with 0.85%, 1.19%, and 1.85% increase in inbreeding, respectively. The effective population size estimated from maximum, equivalent and complete generations were 58.50, 27.05, and 42.08, respectively. Only 1.51% of total mating was highly inbred. The effective population size computed via the individual increase in inbreeding was 42.83. The effective numbers of founders (f_e), ancestors (f_a), founder genomes (f_g) and non-founder genomes (f_ng) were 18, 16, 6.22, and 9.50, respectively. The fe/fa ratio was 1.12, indicating occasional bottlenecks had occurred in the population. The six most influential ancestors explained 50% of genes contributed to the gene pool. The average generation interval was 1.51 years and was longer for the sire-offspring pathway. The population lost 8% genetic diversity over time, however, considerable genetic variability still existed in the closed Angora population. Conclusion: This study provides important and practical insights to manage and maintain the genetic variability within the individual flock and the entire population.