• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.65-72
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• 2014

Objectives : The objective of this study was to evaluate the treatment duration and adherence of osmotic-controlled release oral delivery system (OROS) methylphenidate for treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods : A total of 843 children with ADHD were recruited : 213 children (25.3%) who had previously taken medications for ADHD and 630 drug-na$\ddot{i}$ve children (74.7%) were recruited. The dosage was adjusted according to the clinician's judgment. The primary efficacy endpoint of this study was treatment retention rate, which was estimated at Week 12 and Week 20 using the Kaplan-Meier curve. The Swanson, Nolan and Pelham-IV (SNAP-IV), Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S), Clinical Global Impression-Improvement, and the side effect rating scale were measured at every visit. Remission rates were presented based on SNAP-IV and CGI-S, respectively. Results : The treatment retention rate at 12 weeks and at 20 weeks was 76.2% and 66.8%, respectively. Divided according to 6-8, 9-11, 12-14 and 15-18 years of age, younger children tended to show a statistically higher treatment retention rate (p=.02). Based on SNAP-IV and CGI scores, children with better response to medication showed tendencies of statistically higher treatment retention rate. The most common adverse events included loss of appetite (7.1%) and insomnia (3.3%). There was no serious adverse event related to the treatment, such as death. Conclusion : The use of OROS methylphenidate for treatment of ADHD was safe and tolerable for children. In this study, lower age and better treatment response showed a statistically significant relationship with higher treatment adherence. Boys showed a trend of high treatment adherence. The treatment adherence at 20 weeks was satisfactory, however, the treatment adherence after 20 weeks showed a sharp decrease. Therefore, treatment persistence for six months after the beginning of ADHD treatment is important. In addition, the positive role of psycho-education for children and parents is necessary for increasing treatment adherence.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.123-134
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• 2014

This study aims to develop and validate an instrument to measure students' attitude toward convergence. To do so, we have defined five constructs (i.e. knowledge about convergence, personal relevance, social relevance, interest and self-efficacy) of 'attitude toward convergence' based on literature review, developed items, and collected data from 233 11th grade science track students. The validity of these items have been evaluated by Messick's framework (1995) (i.e. content, substantive, structural aspects of validity), experts' review, Rasch analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modeling. Our results have confirmed the five constructs and 23 selected items have met the benchmark of item validity. Moreover, the theoretical model illustrating that the high level of attitude toward convergence increases the level of science motivation has also been supported by the data. The items developed in this study will be used to measure students' attitude toward convergence and to estimate the effect of learning program for convergence science.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.100-105
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• 2014

Background: We evaluated the safety and efficacy of percutaneous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in patients with primary graft dysfunction after heart transplantation. Methods: Of 65 patients (44 males and 21 females) who underwent heart transplantation from January 2006 to December 2012, 13 patients (group I) needed peripheral ECMO support due to difficulty in weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and 52 patients (group II) were weaned from CPB without mechanical support. The mean age of the patients at the time of operation was $54.4{\pm}13.6$ years. There were no differences in the preoperative characteristics of the two groups. Multivariable analysis was performed to identify the risk factors for ECMO therapy. Results: All group I patients were successfully weaned from ECMO after $53{\pm}9$ hours of circulatory support. Early mortality occurred in four patients (1 [7.7%] in group I and 3 [5.8%] in group II, p>0.999). There were no differences in the postoperative complications between the two groups, with the exception of reoperation for bleeding. A greater number of group I patients underwent reoperation for bleeding (5 [38.5%] in group I vs. 6 [11.5%] in group II, p=0.035). In multivariable analysis, preoperative mechanical support (ECMO and intra-aortic balloon pump) and longer CPB time were the risk factors of ECMO therapy for graft dysfunction (odds ratio, 6.377; 95% confidence interval, 1.519 to 26.77; p=0.011 and odds ratio, 1.010; 95% confidence interval, 1.001 to 1.019; p=0.033). Conclusion: Percutaneous ECMO support could be a viable option for rescuing patients when graft dysfunction refractory to medical management develops after heart transplantation.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.279-286
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• 2015

Cotesia plutellae bracovirus (CpBV) is a polydnavirus symbiotic to C. plutellae parasitizing young larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Several CpBV genes play important roles in suppressing immune responses of the parasitized larvae. This study tested a hypothesis that the CpBV genes inducing host immunosuppression could be applied to develop a potent recombinant baculovirus. Based on a previous study, a recombinant baculovirus expressing CpBV-ELP1 (AcMNPV-ELP1) was selected and multiplied using larvae of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. The recombinant viruses were produced in a yield of $5{\times}10^{10}$ polyhedral inclusion body (PIB)/larva. The cultured AcMNPV-ELP1 exhibited a much higher pathogenicity against S. exigua larvae. However, its insecticidal activity was varied among larval instars of S. exigua, in which first and late instars were high susceptible. Spray of the recombinant baculovirus ($5{\times}10^6PIB/mL$) exhibited higher control efficacy (${\approx}$ 88%) against S. exigua larvae infesting cabbage than a chemical insecticide, tebufenozide, at 7 days after treatment. These results indicate that AcMNPV-ELP1 mass-cultured using host insect system is highly pathogenic and can be applied to develop a novel microbial control agent.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.264-271
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• 2015

Stink bugs do damage on various crops including upland crops and tree fruits. Especially, yellow-brown stink bug (Halyomorpha halys ($St{\aa}l$)) and brown-winged green (Plautia stali) are severely damaged on apple orchard. Using seven insecticides - dinotefuran WP, etofenprox WP, chlorpyrifos WP, cabaryl WP, chlothianidin SC, flonicamid WG, and bifenthrin WG - registered on apple, contact and residual toxicities were tested on both male and female of P. stali and H. halys that preferred apple fruit. Contact toxicity of dinotefuran WP was excellent on male P. stali 48 hours after treatment (HAT) with 96.7% and significant on male Halyomorpha halys 48 HAT with 74.5% but the others had low effect. Contact toxicity on these stink bugs were higher in male than female. All insecticides except flonicamid, residual effects were all effective on both male and female of P. stali, while chlorpyrifos and bifenthrin were showed higher residual toxicity on both male and female of H. halys in laboratory condition. Two insecticides, chlorpyrifos and bifenthrin, were selected for the field test. Bifenthrin have a high residual effect on P. stali until 5 days after treatment, but have a low residual toxicity on H. halys in the field test. Chlorpyrifos showed higher residual toxicity in the laboratory, however, showed low residual efficacy on two species stink bug onto the field.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.349-356
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate relationships and gender differences in dietary supplement (DS) and oriental supplement (OS) prevalence as well as anti-doping awareness during training and the game period. Korea National Sport University athletes (343 male and 136 female) participated in this study and completed DS and OS practice and anti-doping awareness questionnaires. Forty-six percent of athletes used DS during the training period, and there was significantly higher DS use in females (53%) compared to males (43%) (P < 0.05). Twenty-eight percent of athletes used OS, and there was significantly higher OS use in females (35%) than males (26%) (P < 0.05) during the training period. The primary reason of DS use was to supply energy both in males (36%) and females (28%). The main reason for male athletes' OS use was to supply energy (41 %). Meanwhile, the reasons for female athletes' OS use were to supply energy (23%), to maintain health (19%), and to improve recovery ability (20%), which showed a significant gender difference (P < 0.05). Athletes rated their perceived degree of satisfaction, perceived importance, and beliefs in efficacy of DS and OS use all over 50% during the training period, and no gender differences were detected. In a comparison between athletes educated about anti-doping (at least more than one time) and non-received athletes, DS and OS use during the training period was 2.30 (1.47-3.60) and 1.71 (1.03-2.82), respectively. DS and OS use immediately before the game period was 2.38 (1.50-3.80) and 3.99 (1.20-13.28), respectively.Elite athletes' anti-doping education was highly related to increased DS use during the training period and immediately before the game. Although elite athletes use various DS and OS during the training period and before the game period, doping education for elite athletes is related with DS and OS use during the training period and before the game.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.2321-2326
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• 2011

Cervical vertebrae are a complex structure and an important part of human body connecting the head and the trunk. In this paper, we propose a method to extract sternocleidomastoid muscle from ultrasonography images of cervical vertabrae automatically. In our method, Region of Interests(ROI) is extracted first from an ultrasonography image after removing unnecessary auxiliary information such as metrics. Then we apply Ends-in search stretching algorithm in order to enhance the contrast of brightness. Average binarization is then applied to those pixels which its brightness is sufficiently large. The noise part is removed by image processing algorithms. After extracting fascia encloses sternocleidomastoid muscle, target muscle object is extracted using the location information of fascia according to the number of objects in the fascia. When only one object is to be extracted, we search downward first to extract the target muscle area and then search from right to left to extract the area and merge them. If there are two target objects, we extract first from the upper-bound of higher object to the lower-bound of lower object and then remove the fascia of the target object area. Smearing technique is used to restore possible loss of the fat area in the process. The thickness of sternocleidomastoid muscle is then calculated as the maximum thickness of those extracted objects. In this experiment with 30 real world ultrasonography images, the proposed method verified its efficacy and accuracy by health professionals.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.606-614
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• 2012

With rising concerns on downturn of global economy, college graduates are experiencing a serious unemployment crisis. In this reality, undergraduates preparing for employment face much stress from worries and conflicts. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to examine the influence of university student's belief of destiny on sub factors of employment stress such as environmental, physical, psychological and keen behaviors according to internal and external locus of control. 550 surveys were distributed to four-year university students in Seoul, capital area and rural area for 15 days from October 5 until October 20, 2011. 480 surveys were returned, among which 430 were effective as study subjects. As a result of this study, first, environmental influence on employment stress was high at 49% while physical influence was 7%. Second, as a result of performing correlation analysis on employment stress and locus of control, external locus of control showed positive influence in environmental, physical, psychological and keen behaviors. Internal locus of control showed negative influence in all behaviors, suggesting that more diverse career information must be provided. Since increase in career efficacy and reduction of employment stress in university students are directly linked to unemployment rate of youths, diverse and active methods are deemed necessary.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 2011

There are numerous drug interactions related to many psychotropic and cardiovascular medications. Firstly, the principles in predicting drug interactions are discussed. Cytochrome P (CYP) 450 plays a significant role in the metabolism of these drugs that are substrates, inhibitors, or inducers of CYP450 enzymes. The two most significant enzymes are CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. The ability of psychotropic drugs to act as inhibitors for the enzymes may lead to altered efficacy or toxicity of co-administered cardiovascular agents as a substrate for the enzymes. The following is also a review of the known interactions between many commonly prescribed cardiovascular agents and psychotropic drugs. Most beta blockers are metabolized by CYP2D6, which may lead to drug toxicity when they use in combination with potent CYP2D6 inhibitors including bupropion, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and quinidine. Concomitant administration of lithium with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and diuretics may increase serum lithium concentrations and toxicity. Calcium channel blockers and cholesterol lowering agents are subject to interactions with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4, such as amiodarone, diltiazem, fluvoxamine, nefazodone, and verapamil. Prescribing antiarrhythmic drugs in conjunction with medications are known to prolong QT interval and/or inhibitors on a relevant CYP450 enzyme is generally not recommended, or needs watchful monitoring. Digoxin and warfarin also have warrant careful monitoring if co-administered with psychotropic drugs.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.479-484
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• 2013

Given the CYP3A4 and CYP3A5's impact on the efficacy of drugs, the genetic backgrounds of individuals and populations are regarded as an important factor to be considered in the prescription of personalized medicine. However, genetic studies with Korean population are relatively scarce compared to those with other populations. In this study, we aimed to identify CYP3A4/5 polymorphisms and compare the genotype distributions among five ethnicities. To identify CYP3A4/5 SNPs, we first performed direct sequencing with 288 DNA samples which consisted of 96 Koreans, 48 European-Americans, 48 African-Americans, 48 Han Chinese, and 48 Japanese. The direct sequencing identified 15 novel SNPs, as well as 42 known polymorphisms. We defined the genotype distributions, and compared the allele frequencies among five ethnicities. The results showed that minor allele frequencies of Korean population were similar with those of the Japanese and Han Chinese populations, whereas there were distinct differences from European-Americans or African-Americans. Among the pharmacogenetic markers, frequencies of $CYP3A4^*1B$ (rs2740574) and $CYP3A5^*3C$ (rs776742) in Asian groups were different from those in other populations. In addition, minor allele frequency of $CYP3A4^*18$ (rs28371759) was the highest in Korean population. Additional in silico analysis predicted that two novel non-synonymous SNPs in CYP3A5 (+27256C>T, P389S and +31546T>G, I488S) could alter protein structure. The frequency distributions of the identified polymorphisms in the present study may contribute to the expansion of pharmacogenetic knowledge.