• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.222-231
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• 2019

Among fatty acid families, the polyunsaturated fatty acids were demonstrated to be mediators in various reproductive processes as precursor of steroid hormone (via cholesterol) and prostaglandins (via arachidonic acid), and in the last decade, major research was focused on the effects of omega-6 and especially omega-3 fatty acid. Eicosapentaenoic acid, the longest members of omega-3 fatty acid family, can be produced by a series of desaturation and elongation reactions from shorter member such as α-Linolenic acid. However, very few studies have provided detailed descriptions of Eicosapentaenoic acid effects and mechanisms of action in mammalian oocytes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation on in vitro maturation and developmental potential of porcine oocytes. Various concentrations of Eicosapentaenoic acid was added into in vitro maturation medium, and we evaluated the degree of cumulus expansion, nuclear maturation rate, blastocysts quality, and levels of prostaglandin E2, 17β-estradiol, progesterone in the spent medium. High doses (100 μM) of Eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation significantly inhibited cumulus expansion and oocyte nuclear maturation, and prostaglandin E2 synthesis also significantly decreased compared with other groups (p < 0.05). Supplementation of 50 μM Eicosapentaenoic acid showed higher quality blastocysts in terms of high cell numbers and low apoptosis when compared with other groups (p < 0.05), and synthesis ratio of E2/P4 also significantly increased compared with control group (p < 0.05). However, Supplementation of 100 μM Eicosapentaenoic acid showed high apoptosis when compared with other groups (p < 0.05), and synthesis ratio of 17β-estradiol/progesterone also significantly decreased compared with control group (p < 0.05). Our results indicated that supplementation with appropriate levels of Eicosapentaenoic acid beneficially affects the change of hormone synthesis for controlling oocyte maturation, leading to improved embryo quality. However, high doses of Eicosapentaenoic acid treatment results in detrimental effects.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.321-326
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• 1986

Oyster (Crassostrea gigas), arkshell (Anadare(Scapharce) broughtonii) and sea-mussel (Mytilus edulis) were investigated as to their lipid classes. Lipid extracts from shellfishes were fractionated into neutral lipid (NL), glycolipid (GL) and phospho-lipid (PL) by column chromatography with silicic acid. The fatty acid compositions of their lipid classes and lipid fractions were determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Total lipid contents of shellfishes were $3.5\%$ in the oyster, $1.4\%$ in the arkshell, $1.0\%$ in the sea-mussel. The major fatty acids of total lipids were palmitic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the oyster and the sea-mussel, palmitic acid, oleic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the arkshell. The lipid composition of neutral lipid fractions in shellfishes was separated and identified as free sterol, free fatty acid, triglyceride, hydrocarbon and esterified sterol by TLC. Of these classes, triglyceride fraction was most abundant, amounting to 55.6, 77.7 and $60.4\%$ in the three samples mentioned above, respectively. The main fatty acids of glycolipid were palmitic acid, eicosaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in oyster, myristic acid, palmitic acid and palmitoleic acid in the arkshell, docosahexaenoic acid, linolenic acid and palmitic acid in the sea-mussel. The major fatty acids of phospholipid were palmitic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the oyster and sea-mussel, palmitic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and erucic acid in the arkshell.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.493-495
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• 1999

Eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6) acids of gull eggs were analyzed and the results are summarized as follows: 1. EPA and DHA were 2.25% and 4.35% in the total fatty acid of gull eggs. 2. Triglyceride fractions in the fatty acids had 0.56% in EPA and 1.59% DHA. 3. Diglyceride fractions contained 1.10% EPA and 1.97% DHA. 4. Phospholipid fractions had the most abundant amounts of 4.26% EPA and 8.13% DHA.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.446-452
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• 1986

This paper presents the composition of neutral and polar lipids obtained from puple shell, Rapana venosa and the abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. The fatty acid composition and the classification of neutral lipids from two species were determined by gas chromatography (GLC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC). Total lipid contents of samples were $0.5\%$ in purple shell and $0.4\%$ in the abalone. The predominant fatty acids of total lipids were eicosapentaenoic acid ($19.30\%$). eicosenoic acid ($12.10\%$) and palmitic acid ($11.77\%$) in the purple shell, and palmitic acid ($21.29\%$), oleic acid ($14.55\%$) and linoleic acid ($14.21\%$) in the abalone. The lipid composition of non-polar lipid fractions in purple shell and abalone was separated and identified as free sterol, free fatty acid, triglyceride and hydrocarbon & esterified sterol by TLC. The contents of triglyceride from both neutral lipids were shown more abundant than any other subclasses. The main fatty acids of neutral lipids were eicosapentaenoic acid ($18.6\%$), palmitic acid ($14.90\%$) and eicosenoic acid ($14.76\%$) in the purple shell, and palmitic acid ($28.12\%$), oleic acid($20.5\%$) and myristic acid ($12.5\%$) in the abalone. Eicosapentaenoic acid ($17.57\%$), stearic acid ($13.26\%$) and eicosatetraenoic acid ($11.24\%$) were important fatty acids of glycolipid in the purple shell, and myristic acid ($12.75\%$), stearic acid ($12.10\%$) and eicosatetraenoic acid ($10.64\%$) in the abalone. The major fatty acids of phospholipids were eicosapentaenoic acid ($20.18\%$), palmitic acid ($11.26\%$) and eicosenoic acid ($10.90\%$) in the purple shell, and palmitic acid ($21.10\%$), eicosapentaenoic acid ($12.90\%$) and oleic acid($11.13\%$) in the abalone.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 1989

Effects of cooking and drying methods on the lipids content and neutral lipid component of shrimp, Metapenaeus joyneri, were investigated. Total lipid content of the fresh shrimp was 6.0%(dry basis), which was not changed significantly depending on the cooking and drying methods. Lipid of the fresh shrimp was composed of 36.8% of neutral lipids, 21.5% of glycolipids, and 41.7% of phospholipids. Freeze dried shrimp was substantially higher in neutral lipid contents but lower in glycolipid and phospholipid contents than hot air dried one. Main components of the neutral lipids were triglycerides, free sterols, free fatty acids and esterified sterols. Freeze dried shrimp contained higher triglycerides contents than hot air dried shrimp, whereas free fatty acids content in hot air dried shrimp was greater than that of freeze dried one due to the decomposition of triglycerides to free fatty acids during hot air drying. Major fatty acid composition of the total lipid were palmitoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, and that of neutral lipid were palmitic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in fresh shrimp.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.246-252
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• 1991

Marine baceteria of fish interstines were screened for high eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) productivity. An isolated bacteria, KS-90, identified and designated as Allteromonus putrefaciens KS-90. A. putrefaciens KS-90 was found to be a rich source of EPA production and it was observed on incuibation at 4~12.5$^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.0. The production of EPA reached 18mg/g of dry cell weight when A. putrefaciens KS-90 was grown in the medium containing 1.0% pepton, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.025% meat extract and 2.0% glucose in 1/2 concentration of an artificial seawater, pH for 48 hr at $25^{\circ}C$. This value accounted for 24.7% of the total fatty acid in the extractable lipids.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.129-138
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• 1994

In order to investigate of the Influence of $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$ on ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid converted into the eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) forming in plasma lipid and in liver microsomes of rabbit, the animals were fed on the perila oil rich ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid or sardine oil rich EPA and DBA diet for 4 weeks were examined. In plasma, liver lipid, $Mg^{2+}$ was influenced on arachidonic acid(AA), EPA, DHA formative from ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid in perilla oil, but stearic acid was increased, $Ca^{2+}$ was Influenced on stearic acid increased and DHA was decreased. In phospholipid, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$ was influenced on stearic acid increased and DHA was decreased in perilla oil.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.531-535
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• 1995

The identification of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) by Pseudomonas sp. CH-414 were investigated under the optimal culture conditions. The maximum dry cell weight and phospholipid production showed about 10 mg/ml and 0.6 mg/ml, respectively, at the 48 hr cultivation. The phospholipid form produced by Pseudomonas sp. CH-414 was elucidated as a phosphatidyt ethanolamine by thin layer chromatography. EPA was contained about 15% in the. extractable lipid, and the amount of EPA was about 83 $\mu $g/ml from the culture broth. Also myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic and oleic acids were identified with gas chromatography.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.170-172
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• 1989

It is preyed that marine algae, Chlorella pyrenoidosa can synthesize about 3.52% of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) of dry cell weight at the light intensity of 10 W/$\m^2$ which is optimal light intensity of producing EPA at $25^{\circ}C$. An equation to predict the amounts of EPA in the culture broth is derived as an exponential form with 0.91 of the correlation factor. The behavior of cell growth follows a photo-inhibition model by showing 12 W/$\m^2$ of saturation light intensity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.629-635
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• 1993

Full fat sardine oil is readily extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide($SC-CO_2$) at pressure of 5,000~8,000 psig. and temperature of 50~$80^{\circ}C$. Under these conditions $SC-CO_2$ has the density of fluid and diffusivity of gas. Therefore, equilibrium solubility is readily achieved in a column batch extractor which permits high gas flow rates. The results showed that extraction was higher at the pressure of 6,000 psig. and $60^{\circ}C$. Fish oil extracted with $SC-CO_2$ is lighter in color, smells less and contains less iron and phosphorus than hexane-extracted crude oil from the same sardine oil. Eicosapentaenoic acid($C_{20-5}$) in sardine oil was fractionated at 90.5% by the $SC-CO_2$ extractor with heat exchange.