• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.4183-4204
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• 2018

The existing en-route filtering schemes only consider some simple false data injection attacks, which results in lower safety performance. In this paper, we propose an efficient geographical information-based en-route filtering scheme (EGEFS), in which each forwarding node verifies not only the message authentication codes (MACs), but also the report identifier and the legitimacy and authenticity of locations carried in a data report. Thus, EGEFS can defend against not only the simple false data injection attacks and the replay attack, but also the collusion attack with forged locations proposed in this paper. In addition, we propose a new method for electing the center-of-stimulus (CoS) node, which can ensure that only one detecting node will be elected as the CoS node to generate one data report for an event. The simulation results show that, compared to the existing en-route filtering schemes, EGEFS has higher safety performance, because it can resist more types of false data injection attacks, and it also has higher filtering efficiency and lower energy expenditure.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.4271-4294
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• 2018

Communication cost is the most important factor in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), as exchanging control keying messages consumes a large amount of energy from the constituent sensor nodes. Time-based Dynamic Keying and En-Route Filtering (TICK) can reduce the communication costs by utilizing local time values of the en-route nodes to generate one-time dynamic keys that are used to encrypt reports in a manner that further avoids the regular keying or re-keying of messages. Although TICK is more energy efficient, it employs no re-encryption operation strategy that cannot determine whether a healthy report might be considered as malicious if the clock drift between the source node and the forwarding node is too large. Secure SOurce-BAsed Loose Synchronization (SOBAS) employs a selective encryption en-route in which fixed nodes are selected to re-encrypt the data. Therefore, the selection of encryption nodes is non-adaptive, and the dynamic network conditions (i.e., The residual energy of en-route nodes, hop count, and false positive rate) are also not focused in SOBAS. We propose an energy efficient selection of re-encryption nodes based on fuzzy logic. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method achieves better energy conservation at the en-route nodes along the path when compared to TICK and SOBAS.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.161-171
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• 2010

Sensor Networks are often deployed in unattended environments, thus leaving these networks vulnerable to false data injection attacks in which an adversary injects forged reports into the network through compromised nodes. Such attacks by compromised sensors can cause not only false alarms but also the depletion of the finite amount of energy in a battery powered network. Ye et al. proposed the Statistical En-route Filtering scheme to overcome this threat. In statistical en-route filtering scheme, all the intermediate nodes perform verification as event reports created by center of stimulus node are forwarded to the base station. This paper applies a probabilistic verification method to the Static Statistical En-route Filtering for energy efficiency. It is expected that the farther from the base station an event source is, the higher energy efficiency is achieved.

• 한국정보통신설비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.08a
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• pp.159-162
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• 2008

Generally, sensor nodes can be easily compromised and seized by an adversary because sensor nodes are hostile environments after dissemination. An adversary may be various security attacks into the networks using compromised node. False data injection attack using compromised node, it may not only cause false alarms, but also the depletion of the severe amount of energy waste. Dynamic en-route scheme for Filtering False Data Injection (DEF) can detect and drop such forged report during the forwarding process. In this scheme, each forwarding nodes verify reports using a regular probability. In this paper, we propose verification probability adjustment scheme of forwarding nodes though a fuzzy rule-base system for the Dynamic en-route filtering scheme for Filtering False Data Injection in sensor networks. Verification probability determination of forwarding nodes use false traffic rate and distance form source to base station.

• 한국정보통신설비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.08a
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• pp.177-180
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• 2008

There are many application areas of sensor networks, such as surveillance, hospital monitoring, and home network. These are dependent on the secure operation of networks, and will have serious outcome if the networks is injured. An adversary can inject false data into the network through the compromising node. Ye et al. proposed a statistical en-route filtering scheme (SEF) to detect such false data during forwarding process. In this scheme, it is important that the choice of the threshold value since it trades off security and overhead. This paper presents an adaptive threshold value determining method in the SEF using fuzzy logic. The fuzzy logic determines a security distance value by considering the situation of the network. The Sensor network is divided into several areas by the security distance value, it can each area to uses the different threshold value. The fuzzy based threshold value can reduce the energy consumption in transmitting.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.31-40
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• 2011

Sensor nodes are easily exposed to malicious attackers by physical attacks. The attacker can generate various attacks using compromised nodes in a sensor network. The false report generating application layers injects the network by the compromised node. If a base station has the injected false report, a false alarm also occurs and unnecessary energy of the node is used. In order to defend the attack, a statistical en-route filtering method is proposed to filter the false report that goes to the base station as soon as possible. A path renewal method, which improves the method, is proposed to maintain a detection ability of the statistical en-route filtering method and to consume balanced energy of the node. In this paper, we proposed the secure path cycle method to consume effective energy for a path renewal. To select the secure path cycle, the base station determines through hop counts and the quantity of report transmission by an evaluation function. In addition, three methods, which are statistical en-route filter, path selection method, and path renewal method, are evaluated with our proposed method for efficient energy use. Therefore, the proposed method keeps the secure path and makes the efficiency of energy consumption high.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 2016

Wireless sensor networks are vulnerable to an adversary due to scarce resources and wireless communication. An adversary can compromise a sensor node and launch a variety of attacks such as false report injection attacks. This attack may cause monetary damage resulting in energy drain by forwarding the false reports and false alarms at the base station. In order to address this problem, a number of en-route filtering schemes has been proposed. Notably, a dynamic en-route filtering scheme can save energy by filtering of the false report. In the key dissemination phase of the existing scheme, the nodes closer to the source node may not have matching keys to detect the false report. Therefore, continuous attacks may result in unnecessary energy wastage. In this paper, we propose a key re-distribution scheme to solve this issue. The proposed scheme early detects the false report injection attacks using initially assigned secret keys in the phase of the key pre-distribution. The experimental results demonstrate the validity of our scheme with energy efficiency of up to 26.63% and filtering capacity up to 15.92% as compared to the existing scheme.

• 한국정보통신설비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.08a
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• pp.355-358
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• 2009

센서 네트워크에 대한 연구가 활발히 이루어지면서 센서 네트워크 보안에 대한 문제점이 많이 야기되고 있다. 무선 센서 네트워크에서는 개방된 환경에서 제한적인 자원을 가지는 노드들로 구성되어 있다. 개방된 환경에 배치된 노드들은 공격자에게 쉽게 노출되어질 수 있다. 공격자는 노드를 물리적으로 포획하여 데이터 인증에 사용하는 인증키와 같은 보안 정보들을 획득할 수 있다. 공격자는 포획된 노드를 통하여 허위 보고서로 무선 센서 네트워크에 쉽게 삽입시킬 수 있다. 이는 허위 보고서로 인한 혼란 및 위조 정보의 전달과정에서 발생하는 에너지 고갈 등의 문제점을 유발시키게 된다. 이러한 허위 보고서를 조기에 탐지 및 폐기하기 위하여 동적 여과 프로토콜(DEF: Dynamic En-route Filtering scheme)이 제안되었다. DEF에서 인증키를 재배포 하는 주기는 보안 강도와 비용을 트레이드-오프 하는 관계에 놓여있으므로 매우 중요하다. 본 논문에서는 센서네트워크에서 동적 여과 프로토콜의 인증키 재배포 주기를 결정하는 기법을 제안한다. 배포된 노드들의 위상변화, BS까지 도달한 허위보고서 비율, 공격자에게 포획된 노드의 수 등을 고려하여 재배포 여부를 결정하고 재배포가 결정되면 각 클러스터 헤드들에게 재배포를 명령하게 된다.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.27-34
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• 2008

Wireless sensor networks are comprised of sensor nodes with resource-constrained hardware. Nodes in the sensor network without adequate protection may be compromised by adversaries. Such compromised nodes are vulnerable to the attacks like false reports injection attacks and false data injection attacks on legitimate reports. In false report injection attacks, an adversary injects false report into the network with the goal of deceiving the sink or the depletion of the finite amount of energy in a battery powered network. In false data injection attacks on legitimate reports, the attacker may inject a false data for every legitimate report. To address such attacks, the probabilistic voting-based filtering scheme (PVFS) has been proposed by Li and Wu. However, each cluster head in PVFS needs additional transmission device. Therefore, this paper proposes a fuzzy logic-based false report detection method (FRD) to mitigate the threat of these attacks. FRD employs the statistical en-route filtering scheme as a basis and improves upon it. We demonstrate that FRD is efficient with respect to the security it provides, and allows a tradeoff between security and energy consumption, as shown in the simulation.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.21-29
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• 2011

Wireless sensor nodes operate in open environments. The deployed sensor nodes are very vulnerable to physical attacks from outside. Attackers compromise some sensor nodes. The compromised nodes by attackers can lead to false data injection into sensor networks. These attacks deplete the limited energy of sensor nodes. Ye et al. proposed the Statistical En-Route Filtering (SEF) as a countermeasure of the attacks. The sensor node in SEF examines the event reports based on certain uniform probability. Thus, the same energies are consumed in both legitimate reports and false reports. In this paper, we propose a method that each node controls the probability of attempts to verify a report to reduce energy consumption of sensor nodes. The probability is determined in consideration of the remaining energy of the node, the number of hops from the node to SINK node, the ratio of false reports. the proposed method can have security which is similar with SEF and consumes lower energy than SEF.