• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.155-162
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• 2018

Infant formula is classified into standard cow's milk-based and special formulas. This review aimed at summarizing the types of special milk formulas currently sold in Korea, and the appropriate indications for the use of these formulas; lactose free formula, soy-based formula, protein hydrolysate formula, amino acid-based formula, preterm formula, medium chain triglyceride formula, low-phosphorus formula, protein-energy-enriched formula, and formulas for inborn errors of metabolism.

• Proceedings of the Korea Committee for Ocean Resources and Engineering Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.76-82
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• 2001

The ASME B3l.4〔1〕and B3l.8 〔2〕codes use the thin wall formula to predict hoop stress in a pipe. To account for the external pressure, the above codes simply subtract the external pressure from the internal pressure. The thin wall formula using this differential pressure does not give the same hoop stress as the thick wall formula. This paper proposes an improved equation to predict pipe hoop stress subjected to both internal and external pressure. Compared to the conventional thin wall formula, the improved formula has additional terms, which improve the agreement with the thick wall formula and account for external pressure. The improved formula is less conservative than the conventional thin wall formula, but slightly more conservative than the thick wall formula. The formula is simpler and easier to use than the thick wall formula and will save pipe material cost as well as installation cost compared to using the conventional thin wall formula. The savings will increase as the water depth increases.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.16-35
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• 2013

Objectives : Proposed a formula analysis standard about the individual formula which is to be put in the specific discussions in order to increase the effect of formula education at the college of Korean medicine. Methods : Examined the ingredient combination analysis written in Agastache Powder to Rectify the Ki which was put in the 27kinds of formula science book published in both Korea and China. Results : Must analyze the formula according to the existing formula. The combination of the ingredients should be analyzed into herb pairs such as seven different combinations. The effect and disease for which medicine is efficacious, should be analyzed and tabulated by Agastache Powder to Rectify the Ki. The formula should be anlayzed and schematized by the sytem of Chief, Deputy, Assistant and Envoy. The basic formula should be analyzed and schematized by the combination of formula, adding and removing the ingredients. Analyzing Agastache Powder to Rectify the Ki into the system of Chief, Deputy, Assistant and Envoy shows the following: chief herb is Agastaches Herba; deputy herb is Perillae Folium and Angelicae dahuricae Radix; assistant herb is Pinelliae Rhizoma preparatum, Magnoliae officinalis Cortex, Citri reticulatae Pericarpium, Arecae Pericarpium, Platycodi Radix, Atractylodis macrocephalae Rhizoma, Poria, and envoy herb is Glycyrrhizae Radix preparata, Zingiberis Rhizoma recens, Jujubae Fructus. Conclusions : In conclusion, it is believed that the formula education at colleges of Korean medicine would be effectively achieved if it is processed according to the standardized formula analysis and its rule about individual formula that is to be decided.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.142-153
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• 2013

Objectives : Examined the editing system and the characteristics of "Clinical Formula Science of Korean Medicine" to establish a basis for compilation system of the common formula science textbook for colleges of Korean medicine nationwide. Methods : Comprehended the "Clinical Formula Science of Korean Medicine" published by professor Hyeongok(1911-1987) in 1985 and analyzed its configuration system. Results : "Clinical Formula Science of Korean Medicine" has made it possible to understand the formula systematically by establishing and classifying 24 kinds of treatment method [the three treatment methods of cold-dampness, dryness-heat and interior deficiency and its subdivision, 19 kinds of treatment method (stomach, phlegm, eum, yang, spirit, essence, ki, blood, blood stasis, exterior, interior, half-exterior half-interior, water, wind, cold, heat, dampness) combined with reducing and vomiting] and main formula. These can be considered as professor Hyeongok's own method of classification, which is distinctive from the existing formula science system. Also, it suggests that a Korean medicine doctor should not use a biased formula science that is limited to some schools but apply the formula widely and synthetically because it is believed to pursue perfection in cure if the main formulas related to a physical disorder, pregnancy and childbirth, invigorating and purging five viscera, and Four-Constitution Medicine are added. Conclusions : "Clinical Formula Science of Korean Medicine" is seen as a formula science book which is to be consulted when compiling a common formula science textbook for colleges of Korean medicine by forming a Korean formula science system that is distinctive from that of China.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 1999.03a
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• pp.209-216
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• 1999

Prefabricated piles used for construction of highway bridges are most of steel pipe piles and few of prestressed concrete piles. Its installation and inspection are less controllable and have much uncertainty due to changes in subsoil and groundwater conditions. However, most of these piles have been controlled using outdated pile driving formula such as Hiley's formula which models just the energy conservation due to its simple applicability in the field. This formula results in overstriking or sometimes understocking due to buckling of pile head. Engineers cannot ensure by the formula whether pile is installed properly. To compensate the drawbacks of excising pile formula, parameters in Hiley's formula and 55 formula are reviewed. Final sets used in pile formula and PDA test results(E.O.I.D) are measured during pile driving along the depth. These measured results along the depth were compared with each other and with N values, so that relations between the each result could be inferred. Also the factor of safety which can be used for pile driving formula are suggested.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.270-281
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• 2019

Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of the magnesium (Mg)-enriched formula vs. control formula in constipated infants. Methods: An open-label, interventional, and the comparator-controlled study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the Mg-enriched formula in formula-fed infants ${\leq}6$ months old presenting with functional constipation according to modified Rome IV criteria. Infants were randomized 1:1 to intervention or control formula for 30 days. Parents recorded stool consistency (hard, normal, or watery) and frequency on days 1-7 and 23-29. Physicians recorded patient baseline characteristics and performed the clinical examination at the time of three patient visits (baseline, day 8, and 30). Results: Of the 286 recruited infants, 143 received the Mg-rich formula and 142 received the control formula. After 7 days, significantly more infants had stools with normal consistency with the Mg-rich formula compared to the infants fed with the control formula (81.8% vs. 41.1%; p<0.001). The number of infants passing one or more stools per day was increased at day 7 in the Mg-rich formula group (86.7% vs. 68.2%; p<0.001). At days 7 and 29, >25% of infants responded completely to the Mg-rich formula compared to <5% of infants fed with the control formula (p<0.001). Parents of infants in the Mg-rich formula group were very satisfied with the treatment (80.8% vs. 10.2%), with the majority willing to continue treatment after 30 days (97.9% vs. 52.6%; p<0.001). Conclusion: The Mg-rich formula significantly improved stool consistency and frequency compared to the control formula in constipated infants.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.251-262
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• 2004

The aim of this study was to assess the nutrient intakes from infant formula and supplemental foods of 246 healthy infants fed infant formula, aged from 5 to 18 months. Subjects were devided into two groups depending on supplemental food type for weaning, Domestic supplemental foods (mainly home-made, n = 129) and Delivery supplemental foods (mainly commercially-delivered, n = 117). Four subgroups were assigned to 5-6 months, 7-8 months, 9-11 months, and 12-18 months by ages, respectively. Dietary assessment was carried out using 24-hour-recall method. Formula intakes in the delivery group tended to decrease accordingly with the ages. However, in the domestic group, formula intakes up to 8 months were similar and decreased after 9 month. Energy, protein, calcium and iron intakes from infant formula and supplemental foods were assessed. Energy intake at 12-18 months were lower than the RDA in both groups. Daily intake of protein and calcium at all ages were much higher than the RDA in both groups. Therefore, protein and calcium overnutrition were elucidated. Especially, protein intake at 5-6 months, calcium intake at all ages from infant formula was higher than the RDA in both groups. Iron intake at 5-6 months from infant formula were higher than the RDA. Consequently, as for infant formula, it was suggested that not only formula intakes but also nutrient content in formula should be reconsidered. On the other hand, nutrient intakes from supplemental foods in the domestic group tended to be higher than that of the delivery group. Especially at 9-11 months, significant differences between the two groups were observed. This may be due to high dependency on commercial powdered baby food in the domestic group. This study revealed that daily nutrient intakes of formula-fed infants are desirable but nutrient intakes from infant formula are too high. Conclusively, this study suggests that as the age of infants increases, formula intakes should be controlled and various supplemental foods besides commercially powdered baby food should be appropriately provided.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.659-673
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• 2023

Compared to infant formula, breast milk is the best source of nutrition for infants; it not only improves the neonatal intestinal function, but also regulates the immune system and gut microbiota composition. However, probiotic-fortified infant formula may further enhance the infant gut environment by overcoming the limitations of traditional infant formula. We investigated the probiotic formula administration for one month by comparing 118 Korean infants into the following three groups: infants in each group fed with breast milk (50), probiotic formula (35), or placebo formula-fed group (33). Probiotic formula improved stool consistency and defecation frequency compared to placebo formula-fed group. The probiotic formula helped maintaining the level of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), which had remarkably decreased over time in placebo formula-fed infants (compared to weeks 0 and 4). Moreover, probiotic formula decreased the acidity of stool and considerably increased the butyrate concentration. Furthermore, the fecal microbiota of each group was evaluated at weeks 0 and 4. The microbial composition was distinct between each groups, and the abundance of health-promoting bacteria increased in the probiotic formula compared to the placebo formula-fed group. In summary, supplementation of probiotic infant formula can help optimize the infant gut environment, microbial composition, and metabolic activity of the microbiota, mimicking those of breast milk.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.24 no.1_2
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• pp.65-79
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• 2007

An optimal 3-point quadrature formula of closed type is derived. It is shown that the optimal quadrature formula has a better error bound than the well-known Simpson's rule. A corrected formula is also considered. Various error inequalities for these formulas are established. Applications in numerical integration are given.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.18 no.2 s.87
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• pp.15-23
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• 2006

A new fastness formula based on CIEDE2000 color-difference formula is developed by B. Rigg and his coworkers. It is very simple to calculate fastness grade for color change than ISO 105-A05 fastness formula based on CIELAB color-difference formula. Sample pair sets which cover a wide range color space were accumulated from NCS(Natural Color System) color book. For those sample pair sets, visual measurement experiment and instrument measurement experiment of fastness grade were carried out and each performance of ISO 105-A02 fastness formula and newly developed fastness formula was compared through degree of agreement for visual measurement result. Newly developed fastness formula indicated improved performance for measuring fastness grade but current ISO fastness formula for assessing change in color, ISO 105-A05, was confirmed that it's performance is inadequate to measure fastness grade. Then fastness formulae were examined more closely according to particular color spaces and the correlation of hue, lightness and chrom for measuring fastness grade was also considered in this study.