• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.829-832
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• 2008

A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was developed to simultaneously detect 4 varieties of genetically modified (GM) cotton. The event-specific primers were used to distinguish the 4 varieties of GM cotton (MON1445, MON15985, MON88913, and LLcotton25) using multiplex PCR. The acyl carrier protein 1 (Acp1) gene was used as an endogenous reference gene of cotton in the PCR detection. The primer pair Acp1-AF/AR containing a 99 bp amplicon was used to amplify the Acp1 gene and no amplified product was observed in any of the 13 different plants used as templates. This multiplex PCR method allowed for the detection of event-specific targets in a genomic DNA mixture of up to 1% GM cotton containing MON1445, MON15985, MON88913, and LLcotton25.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2003

New breeding method by genetic engineering is expected as a key technology to solve food shortage due to the growing world population in the year 2000s. Many genetically modified organisms (GMOs) were already developed and the commercial cultivation had started. The first GMO, Flavr Savr tomato, which rotted at a much slower pace than ordinary ones, was developed in US in 1994. Since then, over than 70 different agricultural products including corn, cotton, soybean, papaya, potato, and squash made with genetically modified plants are reportedly on sale worldwide. Supporters favor the GMOs because they have greater yields, longer shelf lives and stronger resistance to disease and insects. On the other hand, opponents say that the supporters ignore a potential danger that they may damage the environment as well as human beings. To assure the safe development and use of GMOs as food and other biotech products, the possible risks on biological environment and human health should be throughly examined and regulated by developer and government. Because the biosafety problem is a global, environmental, and trade issue, a new international treaty is under development. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety was adopted at the 1 st Extraordinary Conference of Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity which was held at Mont-real, Canada, Jan. 29th, 2000. The adoption of the Protocol is seen as a breakthrough in that it is based on the" Precautionary Principle" despite scientific uncertainties surrounding potential risks that GMOs may inflict on human health and the environment and that it has laid the ground for introduction of specific steps to handle international trading of GMOs. In this paper, the authors would like to introduce the current status and perspective of environmental and human risk assessment of GMOs.t of GMOs.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.1051-1065
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• 2021

Recent times have seen sustained increases in genetically modified (GM) crops not only for cultivation but also for the utility of food and feed worldwide. Domestically, commercial planting and the accidental or unintentional release of living modified (LM) crops into the environment are not approved. Many detection methods had been devised in an effort to realize effective management of the safety of agricultural genetic resources. In order to develop event-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) markers for LM crops, we analyzed the genetic information of LM crops. Genetic components introduced into crops are of key importance to provide a basis for the development of detection methods for LM crops. To this end, a total of 18 varieties from four major LM crop species (maize, canola, cotton, and soybeans) were subjected to an analysis. The genetic components included introduced genes, promoters, terminators and selection markers. Thus, if proper monitoring techniques and single or multiplex PCR strategies that rely on selection markers can be established, such an accomplishment can be regarded as a feasible solution for the safe management of staple crop resources.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.123-130
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• 2013

Whole cotton seed (WCS) has become one of the major feed ingredients in TMR for dairy cattle in Korea, and WCS for feed use is mostly imported from abroad. Since this genetically modified oil seed is usually fed to the animal in raw state, its germination ability, if last long, often causes concerns about ecological disturbances. In the process of looking for effective conditions to remove germination ability of WCS this study had the objectives to evaluate the nutritional effects of gamma irradiation at doses of 8, 10 and 12 kGy on changes in nutrient contents, anti-nutritional factors, in vitro digestibility and ruminal degradability. No significant differences were found in proximate analysis of nutrients between raw WCS and gamma irradiated one. Glycine and threonine contents significantly increased when the WCS was exposed to gamma ray as compared to untreated WCS (p<0.05). As for fatty acid composition, no significant differences were observed with the irradiation treatment. Free gossypol in WCS was decreased (p<0.05) by gamma irradiation treatment. Of the 3 different levels of gamma irradiation, a dose of 12 kGy was found to be the most effective in reducing free gossypol concentration. Results obtained from in situ experiment indicated that gamma irradiation at a dose of 10 kGy significantly (p<0.05) lowered rumen degradability of both dry matter and crude protein as compared with raw WCS. However, there were no significant differences in rapidly degradable and potentially degradable fractions of crude protein due to 10 kGy gamma irradiation. Overall, this study show that gamma irradiation at a dose of 10 kGy is the optimum condition for removing germination ability of WCS, and could improve nutritive value for the ruminant with respect to the decrease in both ruminal protein degradability and gossypol content of WCS.

• 식품과학과 산업
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.130-139
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• 2019

식약처는 유전자변형식품의 사전 안전관리를 위하여 "식품위생법"에 따라 안전성 심사를 거쳐 안전성이 입증된 식품만 수입 유통되도록 의무화하고 있으며, 승인받지 않은 품목은 수입통관단계에서 검사를 실시하여 국내에 유입되지 않도록 관리하고 있다. "유전자변형식품등의 안전성 심사 등에 관한 규정"에 따라 제출된 안전성 자료에 대해 '유전자변형 식품등 안전성 심사위원회'에서 심사하고, 국민 의견을 수렴하여 승인 여부를 결정한다. 또한 안전성 승인이 되었더라도 10년이 경과된 유전자변형식품은 다시 안전성 심사를 하여 안전성을 재확인하고 있다. 우리나라에서는 1999년 안전성심사를 시작하여 2000년에 최초로 유전자변형 콩을 승인하였으며, '19년 4월 현재 안전성 심사를 통해 승인된 유전자변형식품은 총 199건이다(농산물 169건, 미생물 6건, 식품첨가물 24건). 앞으로도 식약처에서는 최초 안전성 심사 뿐 아니라, 승인 후 10년이 경과되는 유전자변형식품 품목에 대한 안전성 재심사를 통해 안전성을 재확인할 계획이며, 기존에 개발된 제초제내성, 해충저항성 유전자변형식품 외에 새로운 특성을 부여한 유전자변형식품의 개발 증가에 따라 이들 품목의 안전성 심사를 위하여 CODEX, OECD 등 국제적인 규제 조화를 바탕으로 심사항목 정비 등 사전안전관리를 강화할 계획이다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2011

1994년 처음으로 GM 토마토인 Flavr Savr가 시장에 나온 이후, 2010년 현재 140여 품목의 GM식물이 전 세계적으로 상업화되었다. GM식물들에 대한 안전성 승인여부의 확인 및 표시제관리를 위하여 이들 GM식물내로 도입된 삽입유전자의 정보를 이용한 검정방법이 도입되었으며, 또한 도입유전자의 발현된 단백질을 분석하기 위하여 정성 및 정량을 위한 면역학적 방법이 도입되었다. 본 총설에서는 국내 외적으로 개발된 콩, 옥수수, 카놀라, 면화 등의 GM식물에 적용된 multiplex PCR, real-time PCR 방법과 최신 개발 중인 microarray, 나노기술 등을 활용한 방법들을 조사하였다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.143-149
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• 2000

From the soils of soybean fields in Cotton Branch Station (CBS) and Pine Tree Station (PTS), Arkansas, USA, various single spore isloates of sudden death syndrome (SDS) pathogen were obtained on modified Nash ＆ Snyder's medium (MNSM) with dilution plating technique and transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium to identify the cultural colony shape. The colony shapes of these isolates resembled F. solani isolate 171 which was white and chalky shaped on MNSM and most of them had unique form of morphology which produced white margin and blue center colony on PDA. Although, some of these isolates had more dark blue or showed slightly different color, all isolates that were selected randomly for green-house inoculation assay produced typical foliar symptoms on leaves of soybean, Hartz 6686. To determine the genetic differences among the isolates, mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was conducted with fourty isolates from both fields, using mtDNA probes, 2U18 and 4U40, derived from Colletotrichum orbiculare. We obtained distinctive RFLPs in each treatment of restriction enzyme, EcoRI and HaeⅢ. Isolates, 11-2-5 and 14-3-1-1, from CBS and isolates, 104-3-1-2 and 701-1-5-1, from PTS showed different band patterns from 171 in both or in either treatment of restriction enzymes. Even if some of these isolates showed heterogeneous, they were more closer to 171 than PN603. And, also, rest of the thirty-six isolates had exactly same polymorphisms as 171 in each treatment of restriction enzyme. Although, some of the isolates showed the different morphological shape on PDA and slightly different band patterns on RFLPs, all of the isolates selected on MNSM due to their distinctive colony shape from other fungi produced the typical foliar symptoms on soybean leaves in greenhouse inoculation assay. It might be suggested that these isolates were not genetically different from check isolate 171 and they were unique strain of F. solani.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.261-272
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• 2020

전세계적으로 유전자변형(GM)작물의 재배와 수입에 대한 승인이 급격히 증가하고 있다. 영양성분 비교평가는 실질적 동등성에 기반하여 GM작물의 안전성 평가에서 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있다. 영양성분 비교평가는 GM작물과 대조작물 사이의 성분함량에서 차이와 유사성을, 그리고 GM작물과 상업품종간의 성분함량의 동등성을 결정하는데 중점을 두고 있다. 분석항목은 일반성분, 주요 영양성분과 항영양소 등이며 일반적으로 OECD 합의문에서 작물별로 제안하고 있는 항목들을 포함한다. 영양성분 비교평가를 위해서는 비교군의 선정, 포장 시험, 분석방법, 데이터 통계 처리 등의 전 과정에 걸쳐 표준화된 방법을 이용하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 코덱스와 유럽식품안전청의 식품용 GM작물의 영양성분 비교평가를 위한 가이드라인을 소개하였다. 그리고 국내외의 GM작물 영양성분 비교평가 연구 논문들에 나타난 분석항목과 대조작물, 참조군 품종, 재배연도, 재배지역, 통계방법 등을 검토하였다. 해외의 경우 대두와 옥수수, 면화 GM작물에서 여러 나라 수출을 위한 규제기관의 가이드라인에 따른 연구가 많았다. 반면 국내의 경우는 GM작물 실험연구적 측면에서 비교평가 진행되었으며 주로 GM벼에서의 연구가 많았다. 마지막으로 국내에서 GM작물의 영양성분 비교평가 연구 수행에 적용할 수 있는 참조군 선정과 포장재배에 대한 가이드를 제시하였다.