• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.24
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• pp.73-104
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• 2004

This paper intends to prevent dangerous goods shipments from compromising safety, and to minimize the risks to life and property inherent in air transport of dangerous goods. For this purpose, this paper reviews the changes of international standards for the international air transport of dangerous goods, and recommends the methods for improving the management system for the air transport of dangerous goods. As for the research methodology, this paper reviews the current regulations of the ICAO Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods, IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations, and national regulations governing the air transport of dangerous goods in Korea. As the results of this paper, it is anticipated that the national regulations for shipping dangerous goods by air will be detailed, and compliance with the regulations will be enforced. In conclusion, ensuring the safe transport of dangerous goods by air is a shared responsibility of the government authorities, carriers and shippers.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.83-100
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to examine related variables to goods purchase by consumers using the home shopping of cable TV. For the purpose accomplishment, this study analyzed the variables which influence on the purchase by demographic variables, consumers'shopping propensity, perceived risk and benefit. The major findings are as follows; In the purchase of convenience goods, the variables which influence positively are sex, job(housewife), instantly impulse purchasing propensity, and diversity of goods information. On the other hand, the variables which influence negatively are risk of delivery & returned goods, and risk of quality. In the purchase of shopping goods, the variables which influence positively are state of marriage, job(nonspecialist), and diversity of goods information. On the other hand, the variables which influence negatively are pleasure of shopping-oriented, risk of delivery & returned goods, and risk of quality. In the purchase of specialty goods, the variables which influence positively are sex, income, convenience of time, and convenience of approach. On the other hand, the variables which influence negatively are pleasure of shopping-oriented, and risk of price & information restriction.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.11-27
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• 2012

This study explores U.S. consumers' perceptions about fashion counterfeit goods and counter feiting and motivations for purchasing and not purchasing those goods. A qualitative research technique utilizing self-administered essay questions was used to collect data. A convenience sample of female college students(N=128) drawn from classes at Midwestern and Southern universities in the U.S. participated in this study. This study found that a majority of consumers tended to perceive that fashion counterfeit goods are merely imitations of the legitimate goods and that counterfeiting is producing and selling fake goods, but a small number of consumers associated those goods with illegally produced goods and illegal practices or violations of intellectual property rights. The major motivations for purchasing counterfeit fashion goods were found to be price/value consciousness, appearance of counterfeit goods, status consumption, availability of the goods, desire for souvenirs, and social(family and peer) influences. In addition, the major deterrents to purchasing these goods were identified as integrity/ethical judgment, poor quality of counterfeit goods, self-image/status, and unavailability of the goods. This study provides policy makers and anti-counterfeit coalitions with information to develop effective educational programs or campaigns to influence consumers' counterfeit fashion purchasing behavior.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.107-129
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• 2007

In 1990s, both development of internet and digital economy would make new products such as digital goods. Recently, digital goods composed of softwares, digital contents, and digital services have grown up rapidly in the world market. Characteristics of goods and transaction forms in the international trade of digital goods is different from those of traditional goods. Thus, this difference would appear a new risk that did not exist in the international trade of traditional goods. Identification and confirmation about unique export risks of digital goods would be necessary to the increase of export of digital goods needs; however, in spite of the importance, very few studies have been based on the export risks of digital goods particularly in research on the relationships between export risk management and export performance. This study classifies the types of export risks based on the previous studies, and examines the relationship between both management and identification of export risks.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.145-167
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• 2007

Digital goods are defined as intangible and non-physical goods, composed of a combination of digital signals, electronically represented as 0 and 1. They are also called as digital products, electronic transmissions, information goods, digital contents, computer information, etc. Digital goods are now traded both domestically and internationally as well as on-line and off-line. Korean government revised the Basic Law on Foreign Trade to include digital goods and services as the scope of foreign trade in 2001. Trade volume of digital goods are increasing in Korea. The supply chains of digital goods from producing the components to selling globally to consumers are different from conventional physical goods. Mostly, digital goods are traded on the license basis rather than ownership contract. End User License Agreements(EULAs), such as shrink-wrap, click- wrap, or browser-wrap licenses are very popular in online transactions. Unlike conventional physical goods. the breach of license contract is closely linked with the infringement of intellectual property rights. Digitalized intellectual property is easy to copy and transmit in the cyber space. In cases of legal disputes from the breach of license contract, commercial arbitration or on-line alternative dispute resolutions(ADRs) are regarded as better approach to solve them rather than court sues. For promoting more secure and reliable international trade of digital goods. arbitration clauses should be included in most of license contracts.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1-13
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• 2018

Idol goods refer to products such as cups and towels, or mementos or souvenirs that are manufactured to gratify the desires of fandom and may include the facial images of a star. The objective of this research was to explore the purchase behaviors of K-pop idol goods. Two hundred and sixty female idol goods purchasers in their twenties participated in an online survey. Cheering tools were the most often purchased idol goods, followed by idol slogans and dolls. To investigate the difference in idol goods' attributes they considered when shopping, respondents were divided into three purchase groups based on their annual total expense for purchasing idol goods. There were significant differences among light, medium and heavy purchasers in terms of goods' price, practical features, and scarcity. The light shopper group was majorly guided by price and practical features as compared to the other two groups, and heavy shopper group was majorly guided by scarcity attribute than in the other two shopper groups. The more they identified their favorite idols, the more they worked hard, the higher their income, the higher the expenses of investing in idol products, the more likely they were to repurchase idol goods. In term of post-purchase behavior of idol goods, most idol goods purchase by fans were stored rather than used, and few indicated that they purchase two identical idol goods for use and storage.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.37-51
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to provide a basis for establishing a policy to promote the export of Korean goods through the economic ripple effect of the Korean Wave. From 2001 to 2017, cultural goods exports and consumer goods exports data to 102 countries were used to estimate the effect of cultural goods exports on domestic consumer goods exports. Research design, data and methodology: Based on the Gravity Model, we analyzed the effects of domestic film, publishing, music, broadcasting, clothing, cosmetics, processed food, IT products, and automobiles on the export of consumer goods. Results: The empirical analysis estimated the trade creation effect of exports of cultural products driving exports of consumer goods and found that a 1% increase in exports of cultural products increased 0.136% in exports of consumer goods. Conclusions: The average rate of change in consumer goods exports due to changes in cultural product exports was 22.44, which could be interpreted as an increase of $2,244 in exports of consumer goods such as IT products, cosmetics, clothing, and processed foods. According to the analysis of export-driven effects of each consumer item by dividing cultural products by sector, the effects of export of processed foods, clothing, cosmetics, IT products, and film, music, publishing exports were statistically significant.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.43
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• pp.297-336
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• 2009

In modern industrial society carriage of dangerous goods by sea becomes more increasing than ever before. Dangerous goods are required for special care and handling in that shipment of dangerous goods could affect safety of the vessel and other cargoes. It is also true that dangerous goods could be used as a means of terrorism. his article investigates allocation of risk and liabilities between parties involved in the carriage of dangerous goods by sea. More specifically, this study examines principles of strict liability of the shipper in shipment of dangerous goods with some limitations based upon recent cases. Furthermore this article investigates the issues on identity of shipper who bears strict liability to the carrier where there exist actual or documentary shipper other than the contractual shipper. Lastly, whether it is reasonable that the transfer of strict liability to the transferee, who does not have opportunity to verify dangerous nature of the goods before shipment, by endorsing bills of lading will be discussed critically.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.74
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• pp.1-23
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• 2017

The buyer must examine the goods, or cause them to be examined, within as short a period as is practicable in the circumstances. Article 38 lays down a fundamental principle that requires the buyer to examine quickly the goods delivered by the seller. Article 38 (1) provides that the examination be made within as short a period as practicable in the circumstances. The goods have to be examined within as short a period as is practicable in the circumstances. The rule is based on the fundamental idea of reasonableness, meaning that the buyer must examine the goods as soon as reasonably possible. It may be said that the buyer should act reasonably fast. Article 38 (2), (3) concerns sales involving carriage of the goods, where the seller's obligation to deliver consists in handing the goods over to the first carrier for transmission to the buyer. In this case the buyer is generally able to examine the goods only after they have come to destination. Article 38 (3) takes into account the case where the buyer redirects the goods in transit or re-dispatches them to another destination. Redirection in transit occurs when the destination is changed before the goods are received by the buyer. The buyer could re-dispatch the goods without having them unloaded, or re-dispatch them through another carrier.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 2004

The purpose of study is to analyze the consumer attitude toward original brand and imitation goods. To carry out this purpose, the study examined consumers' purchase frequency, degree of concern, future purchase, intention, other people's evaluation and self-satisfaction. The results of experiment can be summarized as follows: First, the consumers didn't show high degree of purchase frequency, of concern, of future purchase but they showed positive attitude in other people's evaluation and self-satisfaction. Second, they showed high degree of the purchase of imitation goods but they didn't show high degree of their degree of satisfaction. Third, with regard of their purchase intention, they purchased imitation goods because they were cheap, regardless of image, quality and design which original brand name goods had. Finally, to figure out the correlation between original brand name goods and imitation goods, their purchase intention of original brand name goods was surveyed according to their satisfaction with imitation goods after they purchased them. According to the result, they answered that they would purchase original brand name goods when they satisfied with imitation goods.