• 제목/요약/키워드: grade

검색결과 15,680건 처리시간 0.043초

Assessment of Recanalization after Intra-Arterial Thrombolysis in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke : Proposed Modification of the Qureshi Grading System

  • Kim, Jae-Hoon;Kang, Hee-In;Moon, Byung-Gwan;Lee, Seung-Jin;Kim, Joo-Seung
    • Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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    • 제51권5호
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    • pp.262-267
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    • 2012
  • Objective : We aimed to investigate the correlation between the success of recanalization and a modified version of the Qureshi grading system in acute ischemic stroke patients. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed the intra-arterial thrombolysis (IAT) records of 37 patients who were evaluated by Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) and a modified version of the Qureshi grading systems as follows : 1) post-IAT Qureshi grade, 2) modified ${\Delta}$ Qureshi grade : pre-IAT group grade - post-IAT group grade (grade 1 : Qureshi grades 0-2 and grade 2 : Qureshi grade 3-5) and 3) ${\Delta}$ Qureshi grade (post-IAT Qureshi grade - pre-IAT Qureshi grade). Successful recanalization was defined as follows : 1) post-IAT TIMI grades 2 and 3, 2) post-IAT Qureshi grade 0-2, 3) modified ${\Delta}$ Qureshi grade=1, and 4) ${\Delta}$ Qureshi grade of ${\geq}2$ and/or post-IAT Qureshi grade=0. We investigated the correlation between the post-IAT TIMI grade and the modified Qureshi grade and also compared the various grading systems with modified Rankin Scale scores for evaluating the clinical outcome at 3 months. Results : The post-IAT Qureshi grade and ${\Delta}$ Qureshi grade and/or post-IAT Qureshi grade were significantly correlated with the TIMI grade (${\gamma}$=0.976 and, 0.942, respectively). Further, post-IAT Qureshi grade and ${\Delta}$ Qureshi grade and/or post-IAT Qureshi grade showed a significantly stronger association with clinical outcome than did the post-IAT TIMI grade (p=0.001 and, 0.000 vs. 0.083, respectively). Conclusion : Our preliminary results suggest that the modified Qureshi grading system is a useful tool for assessing the success of recanalization after IAT.

상완골에서 발생한 Grade I 및 Grade II 연골육종 - 증례 보고 - (Grade I and II Chondrosarcoma of the Humerus)

  • 조완형;전대근;박종훈;송원석;안준환;이수용
    • 대한골관절종양학회지
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    • 제12권2호
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    • pp.131-135
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    • 2006
  • 연골육종은 조직학적 소견에 따라 grade I, II, III로 나누어지며 예후와도 깊은 관련이 있다. Grade II 및 III의 연골육종의 수술 시 광범위 절제를 주로 시행하나 grade I 연골육종의 경우에는 소파술과 광범위 절제술 사이에 이견이 많다. 저자들은 상완골의 근위부에 grade I, 원위부에 grade II의 연골육종이 발생한 경우에 grade I은 소파술을, grade II는 광범위 절제술을 시행한 경험을 하였기에 보고하는 바이다.

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단계별(段階別) 가압(加壓)에 따른 좌관부위(左關部位) 맥파(脈波) 변화(變化) (A Study on the Waveform Analysis of Left KWAN Pulse Dignosis by the Pressure)

  • 김경철;이정원;류경호;김종환;박주연
    • 대한한의진단학회지
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    • 제13권1호
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    • pp.19-35
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    • 2009
  • Objectives : In the study on the waveform analysis of radial artery pulse diagnosis, we need to establish fundamentals of contemporary pulse diagnosis research. To achieve certain experimental basis on traditional pulse diagnosis, we have to research the differences of pulse waveform according to pressure (in 5 level) and position (Chon, Gwan, Cheok in radial artery). As a first step, in present thesis, we tried to find the differences of pulse waveform according to pressure. Methods and Results : In this research, we analyzed seven parameters of the waveform at five levels of pressure. The parameters are E(so called 'energy', a representative of pulse strength), h1(height of percussion wave) and h2(height of subincisura). The results were as follows. 1. When we analyzed the change of the waveform according to pressure in the left Gwan, E, hl, h2 and A differed between 1st and 2nd grade, between 1st and 3rd grade, between 1st and 4th grade, between 1st and 5th grade, between 2nd and 3rd grade, between 2nd and 5th grade, between 3rd and 5th grade and between 4th and 5th grade in 95% confidence interval. 2. And t2, t4 differed between 1st and 2nd grade, between 1st and 5th grade, between 2nd and 4th grade, between 2nd and 4th grade, between 2nd and 5th grade, between 3rd and 4th grade, between 3rd and 5th grade and between 4th and 5th grade in 95% confidence interval. 3. W differed between 1st and 3rd grade, between 1st and 4th grade, between 2nd and 3rd grade, between 2nd and 4th grade, between 2nd and 5th grade, between 3rd and 4th grade, between 3rd and 5th grade, and between 4th and 5th grade in 95% confidence interval. 4. And h2/h1 differed between 1st and 4th grade, between 1st and 5th grade, between 2nd and 4th grade, between 2nd and 5th grade, between 3rd and 4th grade & between 3rd and 5th grade in 95% confidence interval. 5. There were differences between 1st and 2nd grade & between 2nd and 5th grade in the case of t4/t2 in 95% confidence interval. And there were differences between 1st and 5th grade, between 3rd and 4th grade, between 3rd and 5th grade & between 4th and 5th grade in the case of W/A in 95% confidence interval. And were differences between 1st and 2nd grade, between 2nd and 3rd grade, between 2nd and 4th grade, between 3rd and 4th grade, between 3rd and 5th grade & between 4th and 5th grade in the case of A/E in 95% confidence interval. Conclusions : As mentioned above, we conclude that the waveform analysis according to five grade pressure in the left Gwan shows the difference of waveform in each grade pressure.

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경도의 방광요관역류가 있는 소아에서 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid 신 스캔의 필요성 (Necessity of 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid scan in infants with low grade vesicoureteral feflux)

  • 고지연;구자욱
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • 제49권6호
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    • pp.648-652
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    • 2006
  • 목 적 : DMSA 신 스캔은 신장에 대한 높은 방사능의 위험성과 낮은 grade의 역류시 불필요한 것으로 인식되어 최근 연구들에서는 낮은 방광요관역류가 있을 시에는 조기검사에 포함시키지 않는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 그러나 실제 임상에서는 낮은 grade의 역류 환아에서도 신피질결손이 보이는 경우가 있어 DMSA 신 스캔의 조기검사로서의 필요성에 대해 재조명하여 보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 1995년부터 2004년까지 상계백병원 소아과에서 요로 감염으로 진단된 환아들 중 신장초음파, DMSA 신 스캔, 배뇨성 방광 요도 조영술을 모두 시행한 189명의 환아를 대상으로 하였다. 검사들은 요로감염으로 진단된 지 적어도 1개월 이내에 시행하였다. 방광요관역류의 정도는 grade I-II는 경도(low grade), grade III은 중등도(moderate grade), grade IV-V는 중증(high grade)으로 각각 분류하였다. 결 과 : DMSA 신 스캔상 신피질결손은 총 189명 중 67명, 378 신단위 중 82 신단위에서 보였다. 신피질결손의 빈도는 역류가 없을 때 28%, 경도일 때 38%, 중등도일 때 53%, 중증일때 100%로 역류가 심할수록 신피질결손의 빈도도 높아지는 것으로 나타났다(P<0.01). 중등도일 때의 신피질결손의 빈도는 경도일 때의 신피질결손의 빈도와 의미있는 차이는 없었다(P>0.05). 결 론 : 본 연구에서는 역류가 없을 때와 경도의 역류일 때의 신피질결손의 빈도가 28%, 38%로 많은 비율을 차지하고 있고, 중등도일 때의 신피질결손의 빈도는 경도일 때와 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 따라서 DMSA 신 스캔은 높은 방사선 조사율에도 불구하고 역류가 없거나 낮은 요로감염 환아에서도 조기검사로 시행해야 한다.

소아에서 만성 반복성 복통(Recurrent Abdominal Pain)과 Helicobacter pylori 감염과의 연관성에 대한 연구 (Helicobacter pylori Infection in Children with Recurrent Abdominal Pain)

  • 나소영;서정기
    • Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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    • 제8권1호
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    • pp.1-11
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    • 2005
  • 목 적: 반복성 복통(Recurrent abdominal pain)은 소아의 약 10%에서 볼 수 있는 비교적 흔한 증상으로, H. pylori 감염과 반복성 복통과의 연관성에 대한 연구가 일부에서 이루어져 왔으나 아직까지 명확한 관계는 밝혀져 있지 않다. 또 반복성 복통으로 내원하여 H. pylori 감염이 확인된 소아에서 제균 요법이 반드시 필요한지에 대해서도 아직 결론이 내려지지 않은 상태이다. 저자들은 소아에서 반복성 복통증과 H. pylori 감염의 연관성을 확인하고 제균 요법이 반복성 복통의 경과에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 1998년 1월부터 2005년 1월까지 반복성 복통으로 서울대학교 어린이병원에 내원하여 상부 위장관 내시경 검사를 받았던 환아 중에서 추적관찰이 가능하였던 166명을 대상으로 하였다. 이 중 H. pylori 감염 환아 70명 모두에서 제균 요법을 시행하였고, 제균 성공한 군(Group Ia) 52명과 실패한 군(Group Ib) 18명에서의 복통의 경과를 관찰하였다. 대조군인 H. pylori 비감염 환아 96명에서는 약제를 전혀 투여하지 않은 군(Group IIa) 67명, 위산억제제를 투여한 군(Group IIb) 13명, 그리고 위산억제제와 항생제를 함께 투여한 군(Group IIc) 16명으로 나누어 복통의 경과를 관찰하였다. 의무기록지 검토와 전화 인터뷰를 시행하여 6개월, 12개월 시점에서 복통의 경과를 판정하였으며, 복통이 완전히 또는 거의 완전히 소실된 경우를 grade 0, 복통이 50% 이상 현저히 호전되었으나 간혹 복통을 호소하는 경우를 grade I, 그리고 복통의 정도와 빈도에 변화가 전혀 없는 경우를 grade II로 정하였다. 결 과: 1) 전체 166명 환아의 연령은 $10.0{\pm}3.3$세, 남녀비는 1:1.72, 내원 전까지의 복통의 지속기간은 $18.2{\pm}19.3$개월, 추적 관찰기간은 $3.0{\pm}2.6$년이었다. 대상 환아의 특성, 증상이 시작될 당시의 연령, 증상의 지속기간, 추적 관찰기간 등에 있어서 H. pylori 감염군과 비감염군 사이에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 2) 상부 위장관 내시경 소견 결과에서 H. pylori 감염군에서 결절성 위염(p<0.001)이나 결절성 십이지장염(p=0.001)의 빈도가 유의하게 높았고, 비감염군의 경우 정상 내시경 소견을 보인 빈도가 유의하게 높았다(p<0.001). 병리 조직검사에서 H. pylori 감염군에서 비감염군에 비해 중등도 만성 위염(71.4% vs 12.8%, p<0.001)과 중증 만성 위염(15.7% vs 1.1%, p<0.001)의 빈도가 유의하게 더 높았다. 3) H. pylori 감염 환아 70명에서 1개월 동안 복통의 경과를 관찰하였을 때, 제균 성공한 군(Group Ia)은 grade 0 69.2%, grade I 19.2%, grade II 11.5%였고 제균 실패한 군(Group Ib)은 grade 0 50.0%, grade I 44.4%, grade II 5.6%로 두 군에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(p=0.103). 6개월 동안 복통의 경과를 관찰하였을 때, Group Ia는 grade 0 72.1%, grade I 21.0%, grade II 7.0%였고 Group Ib는 grade 0 50.0%, grade I 30.0%, grade II 20.0%로 마찬가지로 두 군에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다(p=0.311). 1년 경과관찰 시에도 Group Ia는 grade 0 75.0%, grade I 12.5%, grade II 12.5%였고 Group Ib는 grade 0 55.6%, grade I 33.3%, grade II 11.1%로 역시 두 군에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다(p=0.338). 4) H. pylori 비감염 환아 96명에서 1개월간 복통의 경과를 관찰하였을 때, 약제를 전혀 투여하지 않은 군(Group IIa)은 grade 0 34.3%, grade I 38.8%, grade II 26.9%, 위산 억제제를 투여한 군(Group IIb)은 grade 0 46.2%, grade I 23.1%, grade II 30.8%, 그리고 위산 억제제와 항생제를 함께 투여한 군(Group IIc)은 grade 0 43.8%, grade I 18.8%, grade II 37.5%로 세 군 간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(p=0.533). 6개월간 복통의 경과를 관찰하였을 때, Group IIa는 grade 0 45.6%, grade I 33.3%, grade II 21.1%, Group IIb는 grade 0 50%, grade I 30%, grade II 20%, Group IIc는 grade 0 72.7%, grade I 0%, grade II 27.3%로 마찬가지로 세 군 간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(p=0.269). 1년 경과관찰 시에도 Group IIa는 grade 0 58.7%, grade I 17.4%, grade II 23.9%, Group IIb는 grade 0 66.7%, grade I 11.1%, grade II 22.2%, Group IIc는 grade 0 70.0%, grade I 20.0%, grade II 10.0%로 마찬가지로 복통의 경과는 세 군에서 유의한 차이는 없었다(p=0.879). 결 론: 반복성 복통 환아에서 H. pylori 감염 시 제균 요법을 시행하였을 때 대부분에서 복통이 호전되었으나 복통의 경과는 제균의 성공 또는 실패여부와 상관없었다. 이는 반복성 복통과 H. pylori 감염의 연관성이 적음을 시사하는 소견으로 판단된다. 또한 H. pylori 감염이 없는 환아도 약제의 투여 여부와 상관없이 내시경 검사 후 대부분에서 복통이 호전되는 경과를 보였다. 따라서 반복성 복통 환아에서 제균 요법을 포함한 약물 치료를 하는 것보다 환자가 기질적인 병변이 없다는 인식을 갖게 하는 것이 복통의 소실에 더 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다.

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가토에서 심낭대치물에 관한 실험적 연구 (Experimental Studies of the Pericardial Substitutes in Rabbits)

  • 백승환;양석린;김선한;남충희;이길노
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • 제22권5호
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    • pp.724-730
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    • 1989
  • The development of severe pericardial adhesion after cardiovascular surgical procedures often increases the risk of injuring the heart, great vessels, or extracardiac grafts during resternotomy. Several pericardial substitutes have been tested in an attempt to facilitate reoperation with inconclusive results. This study was designed to evaluate the applicability of two different materials as pericardial substitutes to minimize the pericardial adhesion and epicardial reaction. A procedure for induction of pericardial adhesion was carried out in 30 rabbits. Rabbits were divided into three groups of ten rabbits each: Group 1[control, simple pericardial closure]: Group 2[bovine pericardium as pericardial substitute]: Group 3[e-polytetrafluoroethylene surgical membrane, e-PTFE as a pericardial substitute]. Bovine pericardium or e-PTFE surgical membrane was interposed between the sternum and the heart. Rabbits were sacrificed at 4 weeks after operation. The development of adhesions and epicardial reactions were graded as: none [I]; minimal[II]; moderate[Ill]; and severe[1V]. Histologic studies of the substitute, the pericardium, and the epicardium were performed. The results were as follows; l. In group 1[control group], the degree of pericardial adhesions were grade I in none, grade II in 1, grade III in 3, and grade 1V in 6 animals. Epicardial reactions were grade I in none, grade II in 3, grade K in 4, grade 1V in 3 animals respectively. 2. In group 2[bovine pericardium], the degree of pericardial adhesions were grade I in 1, grade II in 5, grade III in 3, and grade 1V in 1 animal. Epicardial reactions were grade I in 1, grade II in 2, grade III in 4, and grade 1V in 3 animals respectively. 3. In group 3[e-PTFE], the degree of pericardial adhesions were grade I in 7 animals, grade II in 2, grade III in 1, and grade g in none. Epicardial reactions were grade I in 4, grade II in 3, grade III in 2, and grade IV in 1 animal respectively. Pericardial adhesions more than grade II were 90.9% in group 1, 40 % in group 2, and 10% in group 3. Pericardial adhesions were significantly reduced in group 3 compared to group 1 or 2. Epicardial reactions more than grade II were 70 % in group 1, 70 % in group 2 and 30 % in group 3. We concluded that this 0.1mm thick polytetrafluoroethylene surgical membrane is a suitable pericardial substitute to minimize the development of pericardial adhesion or epicardial reaction following cardiovascular surgery.

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Association of tumor differentiation grade and survival of women with squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix

  • Matsuo, Koji;Mandelbaum, Rachel S.;Machida, Hiroko;Purushotham, Sanjay;Grubbs, Brendan H.;Roman, Lynda D.;Wright, Jason D.
    • Journal of Gynecologic Oncology
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    • 제29권6호
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    • pp.91.1-91.12
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    • 2018
  • Objective: To examine the association between tumor grade and survival for women with squamous cervical cancer. Methods: This retrospective observational study utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result program data between 1983 and 2013 to examine women with squamous cervical cancer with known tumor differentiation grade. Multivariable analyses were performed to assess independent associations between tumor differentiation grade and survival. Results: A total of 31,536 women were identified including 15,175 (48.1%) with grade 3 tumors, 14,084 (44.7%) with grade 2 neoplasms and 2,277 (7.2%) with grade 1 tumors. Higher tumor grade was significantly associated with older age, higher stage disease, larger tumor size, and lymph node metastasis (all, p<0.001). In a multivariable analysis, grade 2 tumors (adjusted-hazard ratio [HR]=1.21; p<0.001) and grade 3 tumors (adjusted-HR=1.45; p<0.001) were independently associated with decreased cause-specific survival (CSS) compared to grade 1 tumors. Among the 7,429 women with stage II-III disease who received radiotherapy without surgical treatment, grade 3 tumors were independently associated with decreased CSS compared to grade 2 tumors (adjusted-HR=1.16; p<0.001). Among 4,045 women with node-negative stage I disease and tumor size ${\leq}4cm$ who underwent surgical treatment without radiotherapy, grade 2 tumors (adjusted-HR=2.54; p=0.028) and grade 3 tumors (adjusted-HR=4.48; p<0.001) were independently associated with decreased CSS compared to grade 1 tumors. Conclusion: Our study suggests that tumor differentiation grade may be a prognostic factor in women with squamous cervical cancer, particularly in early-stage disease. Higher tumor grade was associated with poorer survival.

청소년 자녀의 생활시간 사용에 부모의 양육태도가 미치는 영향 (The Influence of Parenting Attitude to Using Life Time of Adolescent Children)

  • 박정윤;전유진
    • 가족자원경영과 정책
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    • 제20권4호
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    • pp.35-47
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    • 2016
  • This research aimed to observe adolescent children's use of time and to discover the parent-related factors that affect adolescent children's use of time. The subjects included 2,092 fourth-grade elementary school students and 2,108 first-grade middle school students. We used data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey. We tested sociodemographic factors, parents characteristics, and time usage, and we studied these factors using SPSS version 23.0; the results are as follows. Firstly, in the subordinate scope of the child-rearing attitude of parents, affection fourth-grade elementary school students(M = 1.83) and first-grade middle school students(M = 2.02). Inconsistency had an effect on fourth-grade elementary school students(M = 1.99), and first-grade middle school students(M = 2.12). Excessive expectations had an effect on fourth-grade elementary school students(M = 2.40) and first-grade middle school students(M = 2.55). Over-involvement had an effect on fourth-grade elementary school students(M = 2.68)and first-grade middle school students(M = 2.80). Finally, giving reasonable explanations had an effect on fourth-grade elementary school students(M = 1.51)and first-grade middle school students(M = 1.68). Secondly, in fourth-grade elementary school students(M = 463.35) and first-grade middle school students(M = 378.75). Further, studying hours during weekdays had an effect on fourth-grade elementary school students(M = 456.15) and first-grade middle school students(M = 460.86). Free activity hours during had an effect on fourth-grade elementary school students(M = 390.54) and first-grade middle school students(M = 387.11). Sleeping hours during holidays had an effect on fourth-grade elementary school students(M = 544.85) and first-grade middle school students (M = 511.74). Studying hours during holidays had an effect on fourth-grade elementary school students (M = 484.86) and first-grade middle school students (M = 511.74). Free activity hours during holidays had an effect on fourth-grade elementary school students(M = 518.68) and first-grade middle school students(M = 509.73). Thirdly, by observing the relative influence of related factors on adolescent children's use of time, grade(${\beta}$ = -.284), gender(${\beta}$ = -.208), over-involvement(${\beta}$ = -.380), supervising(${\beta}$ = -.217), and (${\beta}$ = .243) in terms of the child-rearing attitudes of parents was found to affect study hours($F=2.595^{**}$). The education level of fathers(${\beta}$ = -.144) results in(${\beta}$ = 1.991) and longer free activity hours for children($F= 4.116^{***}$). This research can be used to study the influence of parents'child-rearing attitudes on adolescent children's use of time and to suggest the role of parents in adolescents' ability to manage time effectively using practical.

상등급과 등외등급 우육의 품질특성 비교 (Quality Comparison of Loin Muscles from Carcass of Grade B2 and D)

  • 강세주;김미숙;양종범;정인철;문윤희
    • 한국축산식품학회지
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    • 제21권4호
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    • pp.329-336
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    • 2001
  • 도축후 하루동안 냉장한 상등급육(B2 등급)과 등외등급육(D 등급)에서 등심부위를 분할하여 두쪽으로 나누고 한쪽은 랲으로 싸서 1일간 냉장하고 (신선육), 다른 한쪽은 500g씩 자르고 11일간 냉장(숙서육)하였다. 상등급육과 등외등급육의 숙성효과를 파악하기 위하여 신선육과 숙성육의 pH, 유산함량, 비단백태 질소 화합물, 경도, 저작성, 근원섬유 소편화도, 유리 아미노산, 지방산 및 가열감량을 측정하였다. 신선육의 경우 상등급육이 등외등급육에 비하여 pH 및 유산함량이 낮았다. 상등급육의 경도 및 저작성은 등외등급육보다 낮으면서 근원섬유소편화도는 높았다. 그리고 상등급육의 총유리아미노산은 등외등급육보다 많았다. 상등급육은 포화지방산 함량이 낮고 포화지방산에 대한 단일불포화지방산의 비율(MUFA/SFA)이 높았다. 숙성육의 비단백태 질소화합물은 신선육보다 높았으며, 상등급육이 등외등급육보다 낮았다.

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가토에서 심낭이완술에 관한 실험적 연구 (Experimental Studies of the Pericardial Releasing Technique in Rabbits)

  • 박만실
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • 제20권3호
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    • pp.451-457
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    • 1987
  • Reoperations following cardiac surgery have an increased risk of the danger of damaging the heart, great vessels or extracardiac grafts because of adhesions to the sternum. We experimentally evaluated 3 different methods for pericardial closure. A standardized procedure for induction of pericardial adhesions was carried out in 30 rabbits. For closure of pericardium, animals were divided into 3 groups, 10 animals respectively: Croup 1 [simple pericardial closure]The pericardium was primarily resuture; Group 2 [Core-Tex surgical membrane as a pericardial substitute]- A Gore-Tex surgical membrane was interposed between the sternum and the heart; and Group 3 [pericardial tension releasing technique]-Three longitudinal overlapping incisions were made on the right side of the pericardium while the midline incison was sutured. Animals were put to death 4 weeks postoperatively and the pericardial space was examined for pericardial adhesions and epicardial reactions. The extent of adhesions and reactions were graded as: I-none; II-minimal; III-moderate; and IV-severe. Histologic studies of the pericardium, the pericardial substitute and the epicardium were also performed. The results were as follows: 1. In group 1 [simple pericardial closure], the degree of pericardial adhesions were grade I in 1 animal, grade II in 2, grade III in 4 and grade IV in 3. Epicardial reactions were grade I in 1 animal, grade II in 3, grade III in 5 and grade IV in 1. Histologic examination revealed thick fibrous tissue that obliterated the pericardial space in 7 animals. 2. In group 2 [Gore-Tex surgical membrane as a pericardial substitute], the degree of pericardial adhesions were grade I in 3 animals, grade II in 3, grade III in 2 and grade IV in 2. The degree of epicardial reactions were grade II in 1 animal, grade III in 5 and grade IV in 4. Histologic studies revealed a thin layer of dense fibrous tissue which covered the Gore-Tex surgical membrane and thick loose fibrous tissue on the epicardium just beneath the substitute. 3. In group 3 [pericardial tension releasing technique], the degree of pericardial adhesions were grade I in 3 animals, grade II in 4, grade III in 2 and grade IV in 1. The degree of epicardial reactions were grade 1 in 4 animals, grade II in 4 and grade III in 2. Severe epicardial reactions were not observed in this group. Histologic examination showed normal epicardium in 4 animals and the epicardium of the other 6 animals only revealed very thin fibrous layer compared to group I and group II. Pericardial adhesions more than grade III were 70% in group 1, 40% in group 2 and 30% in group 3. Pericardial adhesions were reduced in group 2 and group 3 compared to group 1, but statistically not significant. Epicardial reactions more than grade III were 60% in group 1, 90% in group 2 and 20% in group 3. Epicardial reactions were significantly reduced in group 3 compared to group 2. Author`s modified pericardial releasing technique provides marked augment of pericardial surface area and facilitates tension-free pericardial closure. Furthermore, pericardial adhesion and epicardial reaction will be reduced with the pericardial tension releasing technique.

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