• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.275-280
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• 1995

The formation of thylakoid membrane proteins and changes in the chloroplast ultrastructure of ginseng leaf were investigated as a function of time following the leaf emergence. The leaf chloroplast obtained just after the leaf emergence showed short rod-like thylakoids which were connected and arranged in 3~4 layers along the longitudinal axis of the chloroplast. The 10 DAE (days after emergence) chloroplast started to form grana structure. The typical grana structure was observed 17 DAE, and the grana was fully developed 28 DAE. The membrane proteins obtained from just after emerging leaf were separated into many minor bands indicating no CP-complex formation yet. LHC II was detected after 10 days. CP 47 and CP 43 were detected after 17 days. After 28 days, the PS I and PS II proteins were distinctly separated into CP 1, LHC II, CP 47, CP 43, CP 29, CP 27+24. Thus, the appearance of the light harvesting protein, LHC II, which was concentrated in grana stacks, was consis tent in time with the formation of grana stacks 17 DAE. Key words Chloroplast ultrastructure, grana, CP-complex, LHC II.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.275-280
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• 1995

The formation of osmiophilic globules related to the granal lysis has been investigated with a shade plant ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) exposed to full sunlight. The changes of chloroplast were examined as a function of time over 9 days under full sunlight exposure. The ultrastructure of ginseng leaf showed swelling of the granal thylakoid during an early stage of the light exposure. The thylakoid membrane faded and small electron-opaque dots were aggregated on the edges of the granal thylakoid membrane when the exposure time was increased over 1 day. Then, the sahpe of the grana changed into round. After the exposure over 3 days, there appeared many osmiophilic globules with multi-lamellated concentric structure. The globules at this stage were partly accumulated with osmiophilic substances. The outermost membrane of these multi-lamellated osmiophilic globules was attached to the stromal thylakoid membrane connecting to the deforming grana. The osmiophilic globules were elongated after 9 days. In this stage, the multi-lamellated structure was difficult to identify due to severe accumulation of osmiophilic substances. The number of the osmiophilic globules also increased along with the full sunlight exposure time. This observation leads us to believe that the multi-lamellated osmiophilic globules came from the deformation of grana.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.416-420
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• 1990

Ultrastructural and anatomical features of the leaf were studied in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer(ginseng). The ginseng leaf poorly developed palisade tissue and the size of mesophyll cell was larger and the chloroplast density was lower than that of Glycine max (soyben). Ginseng chloroplast was filled with highly stacked grana and condensely-arrayed thylakoid, so the stroma space was hardly absorbed. However, ginseng mesophyll tissue and chloroplast array did not reduce light energy entering the mesophyll chloroplast, and the high LHCP/CP ratio of ginseng thylakoid resulted in the absorption of excess photon. It is reasonable to assume that 1O1-photogenearation by excess light energy partially resulted from the anatomical and ultrastructural characteristics of the ginseng leaf.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.281-292
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• 1993

북한산 마디톡토기과의 5종을 기재, 논의한다. 이중에서 4종 즉 Isotamurus griseus, I. myohyangsanus, Isotoma grana, I. agrana는 신종이고 Folsomia octoculata Handshcin, 1925은 북한미기록종이다. 이로서 한국산 마디톡토기과는 남한산 6속 15종을 포함하여 총 6속 19종에 이른다.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.285-292
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• 1994

Ultrastructural changes in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer mesophyll chloroplasts and variation of thylakoid membrane protein in responce to the light intensity were studied in leaves of two-y-old plants exposed to two different light intensities under field coditions. The leaves were allowed to function for three months after emergence under two contrasting light conditions. The ginseng chloroplasts of 5% light were filled with highly stacked grana of condensely arrayed thylakoids, so that the stroma space was hardly observed. In contrast, chloroplasts from leaves at 100% sunlight had fewer thylakoid membranes and smaller grana stacks. The number of osmiophilic globules increased. Total Chl content and Chl b content were lower at 100% sunlight than 5% sunlight. The thylakoid membrane proteins in the leaves grown at 100% sunlight showed lower CPIa, LHCII and CP29 than those with 5% sunlight. This effect was most obvious for LHCII. Polypeptides showed major bands at 90, 64, 29-30, 22 and 14 kD, and minor bands at 59, 58, 54, 52, 49, 46, 44, 35, 23, 21 and 18-19 kD. All these bands were lower in intensity in the leaves exposed to 100% sunlight. Moreover, the bands at 58-59, 46-47 and 23 kD disappeared.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.287-294
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• 2013

이진 연결요소 라벨링은 영상처리와 컴퓨터비전 등의 영역에 널리 사용되는 기법 중의 하나이다. 지금까지 여러 가지 방법의 라벨링기법이 연구되어 왔는데 그 중에서 이중스캔 방법이 가장 효과가 있는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 이중스캔 방법에서는 전통적으로 화소단위로 스캐닝을 하면서 순차적으로 라벨링하는 방법을 사용했는데 최근에는 C. Grana et. al. 및 L. He et. al. 등이 제안한 복수의 인접화소를 묶은 블록을 기반으로 라벨링하는 방법이 가장 효율적인 것으로 인정받고 있다. 본 논문에서는 화소기반의 스캔마스크를 사용하면서 라벨링은 Grana의 블록을 기반으로 하는 새로운 라벨링 방법을 제안하고 있다. 실제 사용하는 영상들에 대해 실험한 결과 영상의 종류에 따라 제안된 방법이 현재 가장 효율이 좋은 He의 방법에 비해 평균 3.9%에서 22.4%까지 성능의 향상이 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.399-406
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 DEB를 애기장대 종자에 처리하여 엽록체 발달에 관련된 돌연변이체들을 분리하였다. 이들은 각각 그 특징에 따라 iml, gev, yev로 명명하였으며 iml은 잎에 얼룩무늬를 나타내는 돌연변이체이며, gev는 엽맥에만 녹색을 나타내고 이외의 잎에서는 연한녹색을 나타내며, yev는 엽맥은 연한녹색을 나타내고 엽맥 이외의 잎에서는 녹색을 나타내었다. 주사 전자현미경을 이용하여 엽록체 상세구조를 관찰하여 본 결과 야생형 엽록체의 그라나 티라코이드의 모양은 규칙적인 배열하는 그라나가 쌓여 있었으나, iml, gev, yev 돌연변이체 에서는 그라나 티라코이드의 모양이 불규칙하며 그라나의 수도 불규칙하며 스트로마 티라코이드의 연결도 야생형과 상이함을 보였다. 그리고 이들을 유전분석한 결과 야생종과 돌연변이체의 F$_2$에서 3:1의 분리비를 나타내어, 이들 돌연변이들은 핵내에 존재하는 유전자에서 돌연변이가 일어났음을 알 수 있었고, 단일열성으로 유전됨이 밝혀졌다.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.85-94
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• 2000

The effects of ozone on chloroplast development in barley seedlings during greening was investigated based on ultrastructural changes in the chloroplasts and band pattern changes in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane proteins. In this analysis of the chloroplast thylakoid membrane thylakoid protein band pattern by SDS-PAGE, none of the 24-hour greening bands included were clearer than the control. This means that the ozone treatment produced a dealy in chloroplast development and decreased the amount of thylakoid membrane proteins. LHC II chloroplast band of developing barley seedlings treated with 0.5 and 1.0 ppm ozone during the last 4 hours of the 24-hour greening period was weaker than the other bands. This result indicates that ozone affects the LHC II protein complex of the chloroplast thylakoid membrane. When investigating the ultastructural changes in ozone-treated chloroplast, the main site affected by 0.5 ppm ozone was the chloroplast grana, thereby explaining the delayed chloroplast development during the early phase of greening. In addition, there was also a structural change in the stromal grana of the ozone treated chloroplast during the middle phase of greening. The effects of ozone on the chloroplast of barley seedlings during the last phase of 48-hour greening were more functionally inhibiting than structural changes.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.367-374
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• 2001

Salsoloid Kranz구조를 지닌 다육질성의 Salsola komaravii의 두 단계 잎의 광합성 엽육조직에 대하여 LM 및 TEM에 의한 구조적 분화발달 양상을 연구하였다. 수분저장조직을 둘러싸는 내부 유관속세포층 및 외부 엽육세포층으로 구성된 두 층의 광합성조직은 어린 잎에서는 연결되어 발달하나 성숙한 잎에서는 불연속적으로 발달하였다. 중앙의 유관속 외 다수의 미세맥들은 대개 내부 유관속세포층과 접하여 형성되며 발달초기에는 이 두 세포층의 구조적 차이는 뚜렷하지 많았다. 이들 엽육조직이 신장 발달하면 franz구조 내 내부 유관속 세포층과 외부 엽육세포층은 세포형태, 세포소기관의 분포, 엽록체의 내부 특성, 세포벽의 비후, 원형질연락사의 발달양상 등에서 현저한 차이를 보이며 구조적으로 분화하였다. 특히 이들이 지닌 엽록체의 미세구조 및 원형질 연락사 등의 특성은 생화학적으로 알려진 NADP-ME 유형과 거의 일치하였다. 이들은 세포특이성을 나타내는 C-4 광합성 효소의 발현양상을 조사하는 세포 면역화학법과 접목되어 연구될 것이다.

• Plant Resources
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.163-172
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• 2000

We compared microstructural features of the ordered cell and disordered leaves in Citrus junos Sieb. by electron microscopy. In the cell of the ordered leaves, many chloroplasts and large vacuoles were particularly observed. Also a lot of vessel, companion cell and big nucleus were presented in vascular bundle regions. The mitochondria and the other organelles were interspersed among the chloroplasts in a thin, peripheral layer of cytoplasm. The chloroplast possessed typical grana and intergranal lamellae, numerous starch grains and a few small osmophilic globules. Besides, microbodies were closely associated with the mitochondria and the chloroplast. The process of the formation of the secondary cell wall from primary cell wall was observed the vessel elements, the tonoplast wall and the secondary cell wall. It was observed that the oil sac with the unique perfume distributed the adjacent cell wall. In the cell of disordered leaves, the all of the organelles were thrust toward the cell wall due to the fusion of vacuoles in the cells. It was observed that a lot of the very small particles spreaded in the cytoplasm. The loss of unique perfume of the leaves was resulted in the destruction of the oil sac. Also, there was not observed grana, lamellae, starch and osmophillic globules in the chloroplast. The small distributed organelles was not observed but the elongation of the cell wall was proceed no longer. Therefore, the plasma membrane diverged from the cell wall. All of organelles in the cell had poor function and deformation. A massive vacuole was fulfilled in single cell and the vacuole contains a lot of large and small particles. The organelles were presented on the side of the cell wall according to the enlargement of vacuole and they were observed to be breakdown.