• Applied Microscopy
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.349-367
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• 1996

The development of small granule-containing cell in the superior cervical ganglion was studied by electron microscopic method in human fetuses ranging from 40 mm to 260 mm crown rump length (10 to 30 weeks of gestational age). At 40 mm fetus, the superior cervical ganglion was composed of clusters of undifferentiated cells, primitive neuroblasts, and unmyelinated nerve fibers together with blood vessels. At 90 mm fetus, the superior cervical ganglion consisted of neuroblasts, satellite cell, small granule-containing cells, and unmyelinated nerve fibers. Two morphological types of the small granule-containing cells in the superior cervical ganglion were first indentified at 90 mm fetus, but were rare. Type I granule-containing cell occurred in solitary and had long processes, whereas type II cells tend to appeared in clusters near the blood capillaries. The granule-containing cells were characterized by the presence of dense-cored vesicles ranging from $150{\sim}300nm$ in diameter in both the cell bodies and processes. Other organelles included abundant mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, neurotubules, and widely distributed ribosomes. The granule-containing cells had long processes similar to those found in principal ganglionic cells. They could be identified by their content in dense-cored vesicles. The small granule-containing cells increased somewhat in size and number with increase of fetal age. Synaptic contacts were first found on the solitary granule-containing cell at 150 mm fetus. Synaptic contacts between the soma and processes of type I granule-containing cells and preganglionic axon terminals were observed. In addition, synaptic junctions between the processes of granule-containing cells and presumed dendrite of postganglionic neuron were also observed from 150 mm onward. On the basis of these features type I granule-containing cells could be considered as interneurons. The clusters of type II granule-containing cells were located in the interstitial or subcapsular portions of the ganglion, and had short processes which ended in close relation to fenestrated capillaries. Therefore it may be infer that clusters of type II granule-containing cells have an endocrine function.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.9-15
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• 1984

Experiments were carried out with purified technical grade and two types of impregnated and sand-coated granules of carbofuran, in order to investigate the release patterns in water and the persistence of this chemical in soils. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) As regards to release velocity in water, impregnated granule was found to be faster than sand-coated granule. The time to reach maximum concentrations of carbofuran in water from technical carbofuran, impregnated granule and sand-coated granule was 0.5, 3 and 5 days, respectively. 2) Degradation rate of carbofuran in soils decreased in the order of technical carbofuran, impregnated granule, sand-coated granule regardless of soil types and application rates. Degradation of carbofuran in flooded soil was faster than in non-flooded soil. Soil flooding appeared to be the main factor in promoting the degradation of carbofuran in the soil. 3) When carbofuran was fortified in soils in the form of technical carbofuran, impregnated granule or sand-coated granule, the persistencies of two terminal residues of carbofuran, that is, 3-hydroxy carbofuran and 3-keto carbofuran decreased in the order of sand-coated granule, impregnated granule and technical form.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to confirm the effect of the type of dissolution media and paddle speed on nifedipine (ND) release profile from osmotic granule and the storage stability. Osmotic granule was manufactured by fluidized bed coating method. At each coating step, morphology of osmotic granule was differed. The size of osmotic granule was $750\;{\mu}m$ at 3 wt% membrane thickness. ND release was changed in diverse dissolution media, paddle speed. ND release is governed by not only osmotic pressure but diffusion from osmotic granule. ND release from osmotic granule decreased as storage period increased. These may be caused by liquid excipient which has low molecular weight. Storage stability of osmotic granule could be improved by removing liquid excipient from semipermeable membrane.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.31 no.4 s.117
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• pp.305-314
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• 2006

Precision farming has been known as an environment friendly farming technology. This study was conducted to develop a variable-rate granule fertilizer applicator as an attempt for introducing the precision farming technologies to rice cultivation in Korea. In this paper, concept design process and manufacturing of prototype variable rate granule applicator was reported. For concept design, some design guide lines were selected. Based on the design guide line and some engineering knowledge, concept design was conducted. The designed prototype granule applicator was mounted at the rear of riding type cultivator for paddy field and had a 10m wide boom structure with pneumatic conveying and application system as well as 1GPS receiver, 1 granule hopper, 12 blow heads, 2 metering devices and 1 controller. The fertilizer applicator had 942 ka of weight, 740m of ground clearance and 1,117mm of center of gravity from the ground. The applicator was designed to be able to $34{\sim}428kg/ha$ of granule at $0.2{\sim}0.8m/s$ of fertilizer working speed.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.247-251
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to prepare the granule using protein-bound polysaccharide isolated from Agaricus blazei Murill. Moisture content was the highest in granule formed with dextrin(DE=9). Sugar content of granule in relation to the forming agent was the highest in granule formed with ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin. pH and protein content were not affected by the forming agent. L and b values were high in granules formed with dextrin(DE=9) and ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin, respectively. Solubility of granule formed with dextrin(DE=23) and ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin was higher than that of formed with dextrin(DE=9), while there was no significant difference between dextrin(DE=23) and ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin. Rate of water absorption was the highest in granule formed with ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin, while the lowest in granule formed with dextrin(DE=9). Overall acceptance of three granules were acceptable in granule formed with ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-50
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• 1981

An electron microscopical observation was carried out to compare the general shape of the mast cells and structures of granules inside the cells in the stomach of 5 species in 3 orders of Mammals. In convenience, the granules in the cytoplasm were abbreviated as follows: 1) Homogeneous granule, GR1 2) Particulate granule, GR2 a. Dark dense particulate granule, GR2-1 b. Less dense particulate granule, GR2-2 3) Reticular granule, GR5 a. Dark dense reticular granule, GR5-1 b. Light dense reticular granule, GR5-2 In Mammalia including goat, dog, cat, and hamster, most of cytoplasmic organelle were Golgi apparatus and mitochondria, and most of the cytoplasmic granules were highly densed GR1and GR2. However GR5-1 and GR5-2 appeared in guinea pig while one side sunken or crescent-like types occured in both dog and guinea pig. All mast cells were oval or spindle with cytoplasmic processes around the cell. There was also found vacuoles and vesicles in these cells. These results demonstrated that there was a morphological difference between species of vertebrate in the mast cells and their cytoplasmic granules. It was also suggested that a variety of structures of granules were closely related with the composition (histamine, heparin, serotonin, hyaluronic acid etc.) and mature of the granules.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.22
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• pp.81-92
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• 2001

The replica experiment of golden bell excavated from the East Three-Story Pagoda at the Gamunsa temple was carried out in order to know the handiwork technique of ancient granule. The size of 0.3mm granule was attached to the golden bell which was 3.4mm bell body by soldering. When we tried to attach the granule by a modern metalwork, we could know that this technique was hard to make the replica bell. We could prove how to adhere strongly to the golden granule by tension testing. First of all, we made the soldering of the same composition as the golden bell excavated from the Gamunsa temple and then prepared specimens for testing to measure the tension strength. It showed that the broken position was not a soldering part. This result showed how the ancient granule could maintain without a break for a long time.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.63-66
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• 2000

The effects of acute ethanol on the high K+ induced $Ca^{2+}}$ signals were examined from primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons. $Ca^{2+}}$ signals were measured with Calcium Green-1 based microscopic video imaging. Because $Ca^{2+}}$ signal was low in most of granule neurons without stimuli, high KCI was used for depolarization. In most case, acute exposure to ethanol reduced the peak amplitude of the $Ca^{2+}}$ signals, induced by high K+, even though low concentration of ethanol(2~10mM) was used and the effects lasted more than 30min. In was also possible to see differences of ethanol inhibition, i.e. the temporal pattern of $Ca^{2+}}$ signal reductions and the strength of inhibition of $Ca^{2+}}$ signals in cerebellar granule neurons. These results indicate that low concentration of ethanol has diverse actions on the $Ca^{2+}}$ signals in cerebellar granule neurons.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.7-22
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• 1998

The development of the superior cervical ganglion was studied by electron microscopic method in human fetuses ranging from 40 mm to 260 mm of crown-rump length(10 to 30 weeks of gestational age). At 40 mm fetus, the superior cervical ganglion was composed of clusters of undifferentiated cell, primitive neuroblast, primitive supporting cell, and unmyelinated fibers. At 70 mm fetus, the neuroblasts and their processes were ensheated by the bodies or processes of satellite cells. The cytoplasm of the neuroblast contained rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi complex, Nissl bodies and dense-cored vesicles. As the neuroblasts grew and differentiated dense-cored vesicles moved away from perikaryal cytoplasm into developing processes. Synaptic contacts between the cholinergic axon and dendrites of postganglionic neuron and a few axosomatic synapses were first observed at 70 mm fetus. At 90 mm fetus the superior cervical ganglion consisted of neuroblasts, satellite cells, granule-containing cells, and unmyelinated nerve fibers. The ganglion cells increased somewhat in numbers and size by 150 mm fetus. Further differentiation resulted in the formation of young ganglion cells, whose cytoplasm was densely filled with cell organelles. During next prenatal stage up to 260 mm fetus, the cytoplasm of the ganglion cells contained except for large pigment granules, all intracytoplasmic structures which were also found in mature superior cervical ganglion. A great number of synaptic contact zones between the cholinergic preganglionic axon and the dendrites of the postganglionic neuron were observed and a few axosomatic synapses were also observed. Two morphological types of the granule-containing cells in the superior cervical ganglion were first identified at 90 mm fetus. Type I granule-containing cell occurred in solitary, whereas type II tended to appeared in clusters near the blood capillaries. Synaptic contacts were first found on the solitary granule-containing cell at 150 mm fetus. Synaptic contacts between the soma of type I granule-containing cells and preganglionic axon termials were observed. In addition, synaptic junctions between the processes of the granule-containing cells and dendrites of postganglionic neuron were also observed from 150 mm fetus onward. In conclusion, superior cervical ganglion cells and granule-containing cells arise from a common undifferentiated cell precursor of neural crest. The granule-containg cells exhibit a local modulatory feedback system in the superior cervical ganglion and may serve as interneurons between the preganglionic and postganglionic cells.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.74-80
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• 2005

Stress is known to inhibit granule cell proliferation in the hippocampus. However, recent studies suggest that the commonly used dose of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) is insufficient to label all fractions of granule cells. Furthermore, stress-induced changes in BrdU availability may influence the labeling of newly born cells. To investigate whether changes in BrdU availability affect measurements of stress-induced granule cell proliferation, granule cell proliferation was assessed using injection of high doses of BrdU before and after restraint stress lasting 1 h. In addition, to determine whether stress-induced changes in plasma corticosterone levels were influenced by the BrdU, time-dependent changes in plasma corticosterone levels over 2 h after BrdU injection were compared with total accumulated plasma corticosterone levels [as determined by areas under the curve (AUC)]. Restraint stress significantly reduced the numbers of BrdU-labeled cells and clusters in the granule cell layer (GCL) of rats that received BrdU after stress, and decreases of similar magnitude were observed when the rats were given BrdU before stress. BrdU injection enhanced the stress-induced plasma corticosterone response, but there was no difference between the mean AUCs of plasma corticosterone levels of animals injected with BrdU before or after stress. These observations suggest that restraint stress decreases granule cell proliferation, and that this may be influenced by the extent and duration of plasma corticosterone increases rather than by changes in the availability of BrdU.