• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.568-575
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• 2008

The antimicrobial activities of raw garlic and garlic juice heated for 30 min at $65^{\circ}C,\;80^{\circ}C,\;and\;95^{\circ}C$ were investigated. Activities against food poisoning bacteria were measured. Raw garlic and garlic juice heated at $65^{\circ}C$ showed strong antimicrobial activities, but the antimicrobial activity of garlic juice heated at $80^{\circ}C$ was much less, and no antimicrobial activity was seen in garlic juice heated at $95^{\circ}C$. Raw garlic and garlic juice heated at $65^{\circ}C$ completely inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhymurium, and Salmonella enteritidis at levels below 0.2%(w/v) of garlic solids. The inhibitory effects of garlic juice heated at $80^{\circ}C$ were much lower, against all bacteria tested.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.342-347
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• 2013

In recent years, polyphenol-rich herbs, fruits and processed foods, which are made of plant origin, have attracted much attention due to their potential health benefits. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important source of bioactive compounds and has been used to treat diseases because of its medicinal properties. This research was focused on characterizing Korea's national cultivar and a similar product from California, USA. To evaluate their bioactive compounds and pharmacological activities, their anti-oxidation and cancer inhibition properties, as well as their organic acid and free sugar contents, were investigated. The national cultivar had low total sugar and high organic acid contents, contrary to the imported product. The results showed that the peel of national cultivar had high polyphenol and ellagic acid contents compared to imported product. The free radical scavenging capacity was evaluated via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and its positive correlation with the total polyphenol contents was found. The anti-cancer activity of methanol extracts revealed growth inhibition against the prostate cancer cell. These results signify that while pomegranate, national cultivar, is more sour than the imported product, its health benefits could be excellent. Also, the polyphenol compound content of the non-edible part (such as the peel and the seed) was higher than that of the juice. Thus, it is suggested that the byproduct of the juice extraction could be potentially used in other fields such as medicine or dietary agents.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.593-599
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of superheated steam (SHS) and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) techniques on the improvement of the quality of Bulgogi product during manufacturing process. Bulgogi product was treated with four different cooking/treatment process: conventional cooking (CC), SHS cooking (SHS), CC and then HHP cooking (CC-HHP), and SHS and HHP cooking (SHS-HHP) samples. SHS treated product increased moisture content, and decreased crude protein. Additionally, hardness, gumminess and shear force values were significantly different among the samples (p<0.05). In safety experiment after 14 days of storage at refrigeration temperature indicated that the bacterial population was lower in the case of SHS-HHP as compared to CC-HHP. Changes in texture during the storage periods at $10^{\circ}C$ for SHS-HHP was lowest values with compared to the initial, while shear force values for both tended to decrease with increasing storage period. The TBA and VBN values for SHS-HHP increased to 0.48 ($5^{\circ}C$)-1.68 ($10^{\circ}C$) mg MD/kg and 25.14 ($5^{\circ}C$)-45.14 ($10^{\circ}C$) mg%, respectively after 15 days of storage. Overall, it was found that the combination of SHS and HHP reduced microbial growth, thus leading to improved product quality and sanitation.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.600-607
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• 2017

This study was conducted to develop radish as a food product for home meal replacement using superheated steam (SHS). Also, the change of quality characteristics was studied during their storage. The radish cuts were treated with SHS for 0, 3, 5, and 7 min, respectively, followed by complete drying at $80^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours. The results showed that radishes restored with mixed solution (drinking water:sugar:vinegar:salt=2:1:0.8:0.1) were harder than those restored with drinking water. All radishes were stored at 5, 10 and $15^{\circ}C$ for 56 days to investigate the changes of quality characteristics during the storage. Radishes in the control group, restored with drinking water and stored at $15^{\circ}C$, were spoiled after 7 days of storage. The radish in the experimental group did not show any change in the water content; except an increase on the first day of storage. The hardness of radish decreased with an increase in the storage period. It was found that microbial growth was inhibited due to low pH of the mixed solution, in which radishes of the experimental group were immerse.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.38-44
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• 2000

To determine the optimum sowing date and nursery period in Alisma piantago in the southern area of Korea, Alisma plantago local cultivar was grown under three different sowing dates and nursery periods. The plant height, leaf width and leaf length at the area sown on the seedbed in June 30 and conducted the growing seedling in 30 days is 12.1cm, 2.5cm and 3.1cm respectively and it shows tess decrease than that of plant height, leaf width and leaf length with 12.3cm, 2.6cm and 3.2cm respectively which was sown on the seedbed in June 20 and carried out the growing seedling in 30 days, and it also shows less decrease than that of plant height, leaf width and leaf length with 15.2cm, 3.1cm and 5.2cm respectively at the area sown on the seedbed in July 10 and condected the growing seedling in the same date. The stem length, number of stems and diameter of root at the area sown on the seedbed in June 30 and conducted the growing seedling in 30 days is 31cm, 11 and 3.7cm respectively and it shows more increase than that of stem length, number of stem and diameter of and on the other hand shows tess decrease than that of stem length, number of stems and diameter of root with 30cm, 10cm, 35cm respectively which was sown on the seedbed in 30 days, and on the other hand shows less decrease than that of stem length, number of stems and diameter of root with 32cm,13cm,3.9cm respectively at the area sown on the seedbed in July 10 and conducted the growing seedling in the same date, The fresh yield of roots at the area sown on the seedbed in June 30 and conducted the growing seedling in 30 days is 431.4Kg/10a and it shows more increase of 26.9Kg than that of fresh yield of root with 410.59g110a which was sown on the seedbed in lune 20an4 carried out the growing seedling in 30 days, and it also shows more increase of 7Kg than that of fresh yield of root with 430.4Kg/10a at the area sown on the seedbed in July 10 and conducted the growing seedling in the same date. The dry yield of roots at the area on the seedbed in June 30 and conducted the growing seedling in 30 days is 351.9Kg110a which was sown on the seedbed in June 20 and carried out the growing seedling in 30 days, and it also shows more increase of 16.4Kg than that of dry yield of root with 335.4Kg110a at the area sown on the seedbed in July 10 and conducted the growing seedling in the same date. Therefore, the seedling period of proper seedbed for high yield bumper crop of Alisma plantago for exporting to Japan is June 30 and the number of days for seedling is 30 days.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.592-597
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• 2006

To understand the status of ferns' distribution of Gwangneung forest, flora survey was done during the period of April 2003 to November 2005. The results obtained from this study were as follows: Ferns identified and surveyed were 46 taxa including 9 families 17 genera 43 species 3 varieties were recorded in Gwangneung Forest. Hemicryrtophyte (H) was the most common dormancy from recorded in surveyed area. Epiphyte (E) and Hydatophyte (HH) were calculated as 4.3%, 2.2%, respectively and they were the lower value compared to those of other dormancy form. Consequently, $H-R_{3}-D_{1}-t$ was recorded as the most common life-form of ferns in Gwangneung Forest. Pteridophyta-Quotient (Ptph.-Q.) was calculated as 1.28 and it was the higher value compared to those of other neighboring mountains.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.277-284
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• 2012

In the present study, the effects of plant growth regulators on adventitious shoot and root formation of various explants of $in$ $vitro$ seedlings of $Solanum$ $nigrum$ L. were investigated to determine the optimum conditions for the high-efficiency plant regeneration of this species. The formation of adventitious shoots was higher in leaf explants than in cotyledon, hypocotyl, or epicotyl explants at low concentrations (0.5~2.0 mg $L^{-1}$ ) of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). The number of adventitious shoots and the shoot length were also higher in both leaf and cotyledon explants. In particular, 2.0 mg $L^{-1}$ BAP was most effective for stimulating the induction and multiplication of adventitious shoots. In terms of root formation and root development from shoots that were separated from multiple shoots, indole butyric acid (IBA) and indole acetic acid (IAA) were more effective than ${\alpha}$-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The percentage of rooting as well as the number of roots per shoot (4.0), root length (7.82 cm), and shoot length (8.76 cm) was highest on MS media supplemented with 0.05 mg $L^{-1}$ IAA. Furthermore, 100% of the regenerated plantlets survived when transplanted to compost soil. These results suggest that leaf explants are the best source for the high-efficiency regeneration of $S.$ $nigrum$ L., and that 2.0 mg $L^{-1}$ BAP and 0.05 mg $L^{-1}$ IAA are the best conditions for shoot and root induction, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.139-149
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• 2011

RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) analysis was examined to detect variation of in vitro cultured 30 rhizomes of Cymbidium goeringii Lindley and Cymbidium kanran Makino, with long-term (8 years) subculture, respectively. Out of 151 DNA bands detected, the 40 were polymorphic with a polymorphic rate 26.4% in the C. goeringii. Out of 155 DNA bands detected, the 56 were polymorphic with a polymorphic rate 36.1% in the C. kanran. Genetic similarity matrix (GSM) shows from 0.825 to 1.00 with an average of 0.944 in the rhizomes of C. goeringii and 0.812 to 1.00 with an average of 0.913 in the C. kanran. According to the clustering analysis, C. goeringii was divided into 1 group and 2 independent individuals and its structure of clustering was simple than that of C. kanran. The higher polymorphism and the decreased GSM were showed in the long-term in vitro cultured C. goeringii and C. kanran supplemented with growth regulators. The results provide as fundamental data to develop a new materials for plant breeding and resources plant.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.130-138
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• 2011

In this study, we evaluated the protective effects of the hot water extract from red bean (Phaseolus angularis) against oxidative DNA and cell damage induced by hydroxyl radical. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, and $Fe^{2+}$-chelating assay. Although the extract with hot water didn't scavenge the hydroxyl radical, it removed and chelated hydrogen peroxide and ferrous iron necessary for the induction of hydroxyl radical by 71% and 64% at 200 ${\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Its protective effect on oxidative DNA damage was carried using ${\Psi}$X-174 RF I plasmid DNA comparing the conversion level of supercoiled form of the plasmid DNA into open-circular form and linear form and the expression level of phospho-H2AX in NIH 3T3 cells. In ${\Psi}$X-174 RF I plasmid DNA cleavage assay, it inhibited oxidative DNA damage by 96% at 200 ${\mu}g/ml$. Also, it decreased the expression of phospho-H2AX by 50.1% at 200 ${\mu}g/ml$. Its protective effect against oxidative cell damage was measured by MTT assay and the expression level of p21 protein in NIH 3T3 cells. In MTT assay for the protective effect against the oxidative cell damage, it inhibited the oxidative cell death and the abnormal cell growth induced by hydroxyl radical. Also, it inhibited p21 protein expression by 98% at 200 ${\mu}g/ml$. In conclusion, the results of the present studies indicate that hot water extract from red bean exhibits antioxidant properties and inhibit oxidative DNA damage and the cell death caused by hydroxyl radical.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.342-347
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• 2007

The present study was conducted to examine the effect of prunus mume extract on the Kimchi fermentation. The physicochemical and microbiological properties of Kimchi with the addition of various levels(0, 0.1, 0.3 or 0.5%)of prunus mume extract was measured up to 30 days at $4^{\circ}C$. pH was decreased sharply in control after 2 days . A typical decreasing pattern in pH values was noted in all treatments during the initial 18 days of fermentation followed by a gradual decrease afterwards. Total acidity was decreased by the addition of prunus mume extract. Reducing sugar content was reduced to approximately 70% by day 10-12 in prunus mume extract treatments. Total vitamin C content was reached to maximum on 6 days of fermentation and then decreased in all treatments. Reducing sugar and total vitamin C contents were slightly increased by the addition of prunus mume. Total viable cell number increased to reach peak on day 8 and then slowly decreased during the fermentation. Lactobacillus cell number in control treatment continued to increase to reach peak on day 12, while the numbers in prunus mume treatments reached peak on day 8-12 and then gradually decreased throughout the fermentation. The results of this study indicate that prunus mume extract causes to delay the Kimchi fermentation by slowing down pH drop and inhibiting the Lactobacillus cell growth.