• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.327-330
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• 1990

The effects of various plant growth regulators, both auxins and cytokinins, on cell growth and berberine production were investigated in cell suspension cultures of Thafictrum rugosum. Indole-%-acetic acid (IAA) was found to be the best for berberine production among five examined plant growth regulators and the optimum concentration of IAA was 1 $\mu \textrm M$. The enhancement compared to control 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) was more than 60%. Simultaneous addition of cytokinins such as kinetin and 6-benzylamiroyurine (BA) was inhibitory.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.135-140
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• 1993

This study was attempted to establish the propagation and cultivation methods of Rhodiola elongata Fisch. et Mey. as a part of development of northern plant resources. Seeds were treated and investingated at the 15, 20, 25$^{\circ}C$ and 100, 200, 400, 800ppm of the growth regulator $GA_3$, BA, and Kinetin. The results obtained are summarized as follows: Seeds of R. elongata were the most vigorously germinated at 15-20$^{\circ}C$, and rate of germination at 25$^{\circ}C$ decreased gradually. Germination rate of seeds that treated growth regulators was remarkably increased than non-treated ones, and $GA_3$ treatment among the growth regulators showed the best effects. The effective concentration of $GA_3$ for germination of R. elongata seeds was 400 ppm.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.113-116
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• 2008

Petiole explant of Glehnia littoralis Fr. Schmidt was in vitro cultured MS plant medium(DUCHEFA co.) supplemented with various plant growth regulators and examined to find out their optimum combination and concentration for plantlet regeneration. We investigated optimal condition for efficient plant regeneration through adventitious shoot formation on MS plant medium with various kinds of plant growth regulators. Embryogenic calli and adventitious shoot formation were greatly influenced by plant growth regulators. Embryogenic calli induction showed a good response on MS medium supplemented with NAA and BA than others. Especially, combination of 1.0 mg/L NAA and 0.5 mg/L BA on MS medium led to the greatest frequency in adventitious shoot. The results suggest that plant regulator selection be important factor to achieve an efficient regeneration.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.42-53
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• 1985

This study was carried out to obtain the basic information about the large scale propagation of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). Therefore, the stem cuttings of 1-year old ginseng, treated with various concentrations of plant growth regulators for 5 seconds (quick dipping) and 24 hours (prolonged soaking), were cultured. The root formation of stem cuttings was varied with the concentrations, kinds, and treatment methods of plant growth regulators. Besides normal-looking roots various malformed roots were observed. In the prolonged soaking method, the culture of stem cuttings, treated with 10 ppm of IBA or NAA, resulted in profuse root regeneration. And stem cuttings, in quick dipping method, treated with 2000 ppm of IBA or NAA resulted in more excellent root regeneration. In general, IBA was more vigorous for the root formation than NAA, The treatment with 50 ppm kinetin or 100 ppm BA brought good result for the retardation of senescence of stem cuttings and BA treatment was more effective than kinetin. As for the saponin content of roots derived from stem cutting culture, the roots, formed by non-treatment of growth regulators, were higher in saponin content than those formed by treatment of growth regulators.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.218-242
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• 2022

Background: Promising specific growth regulators are employed in the tissue cultures of various bamboo species. Specific natural hardening mixtures support the acclimatization and adaptation of bamboo under protected cultivation. Results: The growth regulators like 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D), Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NAA), Thidiazuron (TDZ), 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), Kinetin, Gelrite, Benzyl Adenine (BA), Indole Butyric Acid (IBA), Coumarin, Putrescine, Gibberellic acid (GA₃), Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) has been widely used for callus induction, root regeneration and imposing plant regeneration in various species of bamboo such as Bambusa spp. and Dendrocalamus spp. Different combinations of growth regulators and phytohormones have been used for regenerating some of the major bamboo species. Natural hardening materials such as cocopeat, vermicompost, perlite, cow dung, farmyard manure, compost, soil, garden soil, and humus soil have been recommended for the acclimatization and adaptation of bamboo species. Standard combinations of growth regulators and hardening mixtures have imposed tissue culture, acclimatization, and adaptation in major bamboo species. Conclusions: Bamboo contributes to soil fertility improvement and stabilization of the environment. Bamboo species are also involved in managing the biogeochemical cycle and have immense potential for carbon sequestration and human use. This paper aims to review the various growth regulators, natural mixtures, and defined media involved in regenerating major bamboo species through in vitro propagation. In addition, the ecological benefits of safeguarding the environment are also briefly discussed.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.48-52
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• 1988

In order to examine the effect of growth regulators on flower bud formation and anthesis, various growth regulators were applied during the initiation and growthstages of flower bud development in Camellia. The inhibitor CCC increased flowerbud formation. But gibberellin had a strong suppressing effect of flower budformation while it stimulated elongatien of shoots. On the other hand, gibberellinpromoted the growth of flower buds and hastened anthesis, while other growthregulators had no effect.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.87-90
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• 2004

An efficient plant regeneration system in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) through somatic embryogenesis was established. Embryogenic callus was obtained by culture of hypocotyl segments on MS medium with 0.02mg $L^{-1}$ IAA and 1.0mg $L^{-1}$ zeatin after 45 days of culture. Embryogenic calli were converted to the somatic embryos when transferred to either MS medium without plant growth regulators (PGRs) or MS medium containing various cytokinin (BA, kinetin and zeatin). Most of the somatic embryos were developed into plantlets on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg $L^{-1}$ kinetin. Also, secondary embryos appeared on the surface of primary embryo but they showed abnormal growth. Regenerated plantlets were transplanted to pots containing vermiculite and perlite for further analysis.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 1998

This study was carried out to determine the effects of plant growth regulators on cell culture and organogenesis from Sicyos angulatus L. using explants of leaves, stems and cotyledons. Optimal callus induction for S. angulatus was obtained on MS medium with 0.1mg/$\ell$ BA and 2.0mg/$\ell$ 2,4 -D from cotyledons, 0.1mg/$\ell$ BA and 5.0mg/$\ell$ NAA from leaves explants, Optimal media for subculture and growth of S. angulatus callus were 1/2 MS medium with 0.1mg/$\ell$ BA and 1.0mg/$\ell$ 2,4 -D for solid culture, and 0.1mg/$\ell$ 2,4-D for suspension culture. Many adventitious roots with some shoots were formed were formed from leaf and cotyledon explants of S. angulatus during callus induction with optimal combinations of plants growth regulators.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.38-42
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• 2001

This study was conducted to stable direct sowing cultivation with seedling growth promotion by plant growth regulator treatment in onion seed(Allium cepa L.) The emergence percentage of soaked seed in BA, GA$_3$, and kinetin solution were higher than control seed, and those were 93.0, 94.3, 93.8%, respectively. The plant height was significant elongation in growth regulators treated seed, and those effects were high GA$_3$, kinetin and BA in the order, and the extend were high as increasing the growth regulator solution concentration in GA$_3$ and BA, and that was reverse in kinetin. The No. of leaf was increased in growth regulators treated seed, and the extend were similar among the growth regulators. The No. of root was increased significantly in growth regulators treated seed, and the extend were high in GA$_3$, BA and kinetin in the order.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.480-486
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• 2014

Growth restriction by antibiotics is a common feature that pathogenic bacteria must overcome for survival. The struggle of bacteria to escape from growth restriction eventually results in development of antibiotic-resistance through the expression of a set of genes. Here we found that some physiologically important transcriptional regulators of Pseudomonas aeruginosa including QscR, a quorum sensing (QS) receptor, SoxR, a superoxide sensor-regulator, and AntR, a regulator of anthranilate-related secondary metabolism, are activated by various growth-restricted conditions. We generated the growth-restricted conditions by various methods, such as overexpression of PA2537 and treatment with antibiotics or disinfectants. The overexpression of PA2537, encoding an acyltransferase homologue, tightly restricted the growth of P. aeruginosa and significantly activated QscR during the growth restriction. Similarly, treatments with gentamycin, tetracycline, and ethanol also activated QscR near their minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Some non-QS regulators, such as AntR and SoxR, were also activated near the MICs in the same conditions. However, LasR and PqsR, other QS receptors of P. aeruginosa, were not activated, suggesting that only a specific set of transcriptional regulators is activated by growth restriction. Since paraquat, a superoxide generator, significantly activated QscR and AntR, we suggest that the oxidative stress generated by growth restriction may be partly involved in this phenomenon.