• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.205-210
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• 2002

This article presents an integrated modeling approach for coupled analysis of heat transfer and microstructure evolution in welding carbon steel. The modeling procedure utilizes commercial [mite element code ABAQUS/Standard as the platform for solving the equation of heat conduction. User subroutines that implement computational thermodynamics and kinetics models are integrated with the FEA code to compute the transient microstructure evolution. In this study, the integrated models are applied to simulate the hot-tap repair welding of carbon steel pipeline. Microstructural components are treated as user output variables. Based on the predicted microstructure and cooling rates, hardness distributions in the welds were also predicted. The predicted microstructure and hardness distribution were found in good agreement with metallographic examinations and hardness measurements. This study demonstrates the applicability of computational models for the development of welding procedure for in-service pipeline repair.

• International Journal of Korean Welding Society
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2002

This article presents an integrated modeling approach for coupled analysis of heat transfer and microstructure evolution in welding carbon steel. The modeling procedure utilizes commercial finite element code ABAQUS/Standard as the platform for solving the equation of heat conduction. User subroutines that Implement computational thermodynamics and kinetics models are integrated with the FEA code to compute the transient microstructure evolution. In this study, the integrated models are applied to simulate the hot-tap repair welding of carbon steel pipeline. Microstructural components are treated as user output variables. Based on the predicted microstructure and cooling rates, hardness distributions in the welds were also predicted. The predicted microstructure and hardness distribution were found in good agreement with metallographic examinations and hardness measurements. This study demonstrates the applicability of computational models for the development of welding procedure for in-service pipeline repair.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.224-232
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• 2012

In this study, the effect of hot-stamping heat treatment on the microstructure and hardness of TWB(Tailor Welded Blank) laser joints in Al-Si-coated boron steel and Zn-coated DP(Dual Phase)590 steel was investigated. In the TWB joints without heat treatment, hardness profiles showed local hardness deviation near the fusion zone. However, there was no hardness deviation in the heat treated specimen and its hardness was higher than that of the one without the heat treatment, due to a fully martensite microstructure. In the TWB joints of both the boron and DP steels, the maximum hardnesses were observed at the HAZ(Heat Affected Zone) near the base metal, and the hardness decreased gradually to the base metal. In the heat treated joints, the hardnesses of the HAZ and the base metal of the boron steel side were similar to the maximum hardness of the weld, while those of the HAZ and the base metal of the DP steel side were higher than the maximum hardness.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.69-78
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• 2008

Differences in hardness and microstructure between surface and area at 0.3 mm below the surface after quenching and tempering of ductile cast iron for rear planet carrier of automotive transmission have been investigated. Microstructure of ductile cast iron consisted of ferrite, pearlite, and nodular graphite. The amount of pearlite increased with going down to the half-thickness area. It was found that Cr and Mo segregated to the pearlite and the pearlite transformed to the harder martensite during quenching. The martensite was more resistant to the decomposition to ferrite and cementite during tempering because of segregation of Cr and Mo, resulting in the harder tempered martensite. Consequently, the hardness of the surface with less amount of pearlite, corresponding to the harder martensite in the quenched and tempered microstructure, was lower than that of the area at 0.3 mm below the surface.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.76-80
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• 2012

In this study, the effect of the welding current on the hardness characteristics and microstructure in the resistance spot welding of 1GPa grade cold-rolled DP steel was investigated, Also, correlation between the hardness and microstructure was discussed. In spite of the change in the welding current, the hardness distributions near weld was similar. the hardness in the HAZ and the fusion zone was higher than that of the base metal and the hardness in the fusion zone was variated with the location. Especially, the hardness of HAZ adjacent to the base metal showed maximum value, and softening zone in the base metal adjacent to HAZ was found. With the increasing of welding current, there were no difference in maximum hardness and average hardness in the fusion zone were, but the hardness of the softening zone reduced. The difference in the hardness in each location of weld due to grain size of prior austenite. The softening of the base metal occurred by tempering of the martensite.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.479-484
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• 2011

Dry sliding wear behavior of AISI 52100 steel that has a pearlite or bainite microstructure was characterized to explore the effect of microstructure on the wear of the steel. Isothermal heat treatments were employed to obtain the different microstructures. Pin-on-disk type wear tests of the steel disk were performed at loads of 25~125N in air against an alumina ball. Sliding speed and wear distance used were 0.1m/sec and 300m, respectively. Worn surfaces, wear debris and cross-sections of the worn surfaces were examined with SEM to investigate the wear mechanism of the steel. Hardness of the steel was also evaluated. Wear rate of the steel was correlated with the hardness and the microstructure. On the whole, wear resistance increased with an increase in hardness. However, the pearlite microstructure showed superior wear resistance as compared to the bainite microstructure with a similar hardness. The effect of the microstructure on the wear rate was attributed to the morphological differences of the carbide in the microstructure, which was found to have a significant effect on strain hardening during the wear.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.146-156
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• 2020

Two High Tensile Strength Steel (EH47) plates with thickness of 70 mm were butt-welded together by multi-pass Submerged Arc Welding (SAW), also the hardness and welding residual stress were investigated experimentally. Based on Thermal-Elastic-Plastic Finite Element (TEP FE) computation, the thermal cycles during entire welding process were obtained, and the HAZ hardness of multi-pass butt welded joint was computed by the hardenability algorithm with considering microstructure evolution. Good agreement of HAZ hardness between the measurement and computational result is observed. The evolution of each phase was drawn to clarify the influence mechanism of thermal cycle on HAZ hardness. Welding residual stress was predicted with considering mechanical response, which was dominantly determined by last cap welds through analyzing its formation process.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.5-10
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of the synthesized powder type ferro materials for wear resistant hardfacing. The powder type filler materials were made from ferro Cr and ferro Mn. Those ferro materials are two types, such as high carbon and low carbon contained. The alloy composed of high carbon ferro Cr and high carbon ferro Mn exhibited the best properties in terms of microstructure and hardeness for wear characteristics. Further, the alloys produced by the synthesized powders and wire type filler, were also evaluated in terms of microstructures and microhardness measurements. The results indicated that the synthesized powders displayed reasonable properties compared to commercial grade materials. The hardness value of the alloy produced by the synthesized powders were approached about 90% of the commercial grade's hardness. The hardness values of the alloys closely depended on the amount of the dissolution of the ferro Cr, the hardness and the volume of the eutectic phase.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.70-75
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• 2012

In this study, effect of nitrogen volume in the shielding gas of Ar-$N_2$ mixing gas on the bead shape, hardness and microstructure of GTA welds of 3mm thick Commercial Pure Ti was investigated. As the nitrogen volume increased, the welding current for full penetration was reduced and hardness in the fusion zone significantly increased compared with that of the base metal, but there is no difference in the hardness of HAZ. Microstructure in the fusion zone with pure Ar gas changed from equiaxed alpha of the base metal to serrated alpha. On the other hand, microstructure using Ar-$N_2$ mixing gas changed to acicular alpha. With the increasing of nitrogen content, the amount of acicular alpha increased and the size of that was fine.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.235-242
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• 2015

Purpose: The aims of this study are compare with microstructure and mechanical properties of Co-Cr-Mo alloys fabricated by powder metallurgy(P/M) process and casting process respectively. Methods: Microstructure and micro-hardness were tested by SEM and Vickers Hardness Tester. The sintered specimen was produced by furnace-coolling after sintering, however the casting specimen were produced thru air-cooling and water-cooling after the casting. For observation of phase transformation during sintering, DSC analyzing was carried out. Results: Mean pore size of sintered Co-Cr-Mo alloy was $4.32{\mu}m$ and that of casting alloy was $1.63{\mu}m$. Hardness of sintered alloy was lower than water-quenched casting alloy. Conclusion: Proper sintering temperature of Co-Cr-Mo alloy was above $1,200^{\circ}C$ and pore size of casting specimen were finer than sintered specimen, but hardness were similar.