• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.875-878
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• 2007

This research is to identify the effects of Hopelessness, as a single latter among intermediary factors causing depression, on the Internet addiction of teenagers. This research measured the teenager students' state of hopelessness using Hopelessness Depression Symptom Questionnaire (HDSQ), which demonstrates the extent of hopelessness depression symptom, and Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), which exhibits Beck's hopelessness scale, after conducting the analyses on the reliability of those questionnaires, and question factors. Correlations between the group in hopelessness state and the user group via the Internet Addiction Self-Test (K-scale) was comparatively analyzed. The study result reveals that reliability and validity of the questionnaire were high. As a result of the comparative analysis between the hopelessness state group and the Internet addicted user group through sub-factors of the questions, all the sub-factors showed statistically significant differences. In particular, the average score of the high risk Internet addicted user group was highest in both HDSQ and BHS. Consequently, these results imply that hopelessness affects the Internet addicted users.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.620-635
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• 1992

This study identified correlations between perceived family support and hopelessness in patients admitted to Neuro - surgical Intensive Care Units. The purpose was to enhance theoretical understanding of the relationships of these two variables. The subjects of this study were 51 patients admitted to N-lCU, at three general hospitals in Seoul. Data were collected by researcher in structured interviews from Aug. 12 to Oct. 13, 1992. The research tools were parts of the Moos Family Environment Scale and the Beck Hopelessness Scale. The general characteristic data were analyzed for frequency and percentage ; the hypothesis was tested by the pearson product Moment Correlation Coefficient. After normality tests by using Kolmogorov - Sminorvtest, and T- test, ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal -Wallis test were used on the Family Support and the Hopelessness about general charcteristics. The results of the above analysis were as follows 1) The average family support score for the group was 63.61 (tool average 51) and item average was 3.74 (tool item average 3) : the family support score of this sample was higher than average. The average family cohesion score of family support was 35.25 (tool average 27) and item average was 3.91 (tool item average 3). The average family expression score of family support was 28.35 (tool average 24) and item average was 3.57 (tool average 3). In this sample, perceived family expression was lower than family cohesion. 2) The average hopelessness score was 45.88 (tool average 60) and item average was 2.29 (tool item average 3) : the hopelessness score of this sample was low in comparison to the average. 3) The hypothesis in this study was supported. The main hypothesis that the higher the perceived family support level, the lower the level Of the hopelessness, was Supported (r＝-.3869 p＝.003). The sub-hypothesis that the higher the perceived family cohesion level, the lower the level of hopelessness, was supported(r＝-.3688 p＝.004). The sub-hypothesis that the higher the perceived family expression level, the lower the level of hopelessness, was supported (r＝-.3068 p＝.014). 4) General characteristics of the objects related to family support were ‘economic status’(p＝.025) and ‘helping person’(P＝.044) : the higher the economic status, the greater the family support. When the patient identified the helping person as a spouse, family support was rated more highly. The only general characteristic related to family cohesion was ‘helping person’(p＝.041). No general characteristics were related to family expression. 5) The one general characteristic related to hopelessness was ‘education’(p＝.002) : the higher their education, the lower their hopelessness. For these ICU patients, were related perceived family support and hopelessness, and family expression level was low in comparison to family cohesion level. The perceived family support of these seriously ill patients in situational crisis may have influenced the patient's emotional reaction of hopelessness. This study concluded that nurses in the ICU confirm the family support of the patient, and involve the family as the most intimate support systems in the care of the patient to help reduce the patient's hopelessness.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.25 no.2 s.86
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• pp.13-21
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• 2007

This study investigates the effect of related variables (types of job, term of employment, working time, job satisfaction, payment satisfaction and, working stress) on the sense of hopelessness felt by married males. The study was conducted on 237 male employees residing in Busan, and measurement devices for study were job-related variables, working stress and hopelessness scale. The study used SPSS 12.0 program to analyze data, and conducted item analysis and reliability test for measure establishment. Average, Standard deviation, one-way ANOVA, scheffe-test, Pearson correlation, and path analysis through regression analysis were conducted pertaining to research subject. The result of this study is as follows; First, working stress has significant difference upon types or working, term of employment and job satisfaction. Office workers relatively have longer term of employment and workers who are less satisfied with job suffer from more working stress. Second, hopelessness has significant difference upon term of employment, job satisfaction and payment satisfaction among job-related variables. Thus, hopelessness is relatively less when term of employment is shorter and job satisfaction and payment satisfaction is higher. Third, variables which affect directly to working stress and hopelessness are term of employment $(\beta=.245)$, payment satisfaction $(\beta=-.182)$ and working stress $(\beta=.189)$, and types of job, term of employment and job satisfaction influences hopelessness indirectly through working stress. In conclusion, workers are more negative when term of employment is longer, payment satisfaction is less and working stress is higher. Moreover, longer term of employment and less job satisfaction contribute to higher working stress and eventually influence hopelessness. Term of employment affects the most to hopelessness $(\beta=.274)$, and it is followed by working stress $(\beta=.189)$ and payment satisfaction $(\beta=-.182)$.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6833-6838
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• 2013

The purpose of this descriptive study was to determine the hopelessness and depression levels of parents of children diagnosed with cancer and undergoing cancer treatment and factors affecting these levels. The study was carried out with parents of 44 children receiving treatment in a paediatric haematology clinic of a university hospital. Data were collected using a survey form, the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) and the Beck Depression Scale (BDS). The mean BDS score of the mothers and fathers was $18.3{\pm}11.30$ and $15.2{\pm}11.33$, respectively. The mean BHS score of the mothers was $6.45{\pm}4.40$, whereas the mean BHS score of the fathers was $5.88{\pm}4.27$. The results showed that the levels of hopelessness and depression among the mothers were higher than among the fathers (p<0.001). There was a positive relationship between the hopelessness and depression scores of the mothers and the fathers (p<0.05), and the levels of hopelessness and depression scores of the fathers increased as those of the mothers increased. A weak financial situation of the family increased the hopelessness and depression levels of the fathers. The hopelessness and depression levels of the mothers who were supported by their families and relatives were decreased compared to those without such support (p<0.05). The results show that the parents of children with cancer face many psychosocial and spiritual problems. Using simple screening tools, nurses can identify at-risk parents and direct them to support services. We conclude that actively encouraging families to avail themselves of support resources and supporting them financially would positively affect the levels of depression and hopelessness of parents of children with cancer.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.55-64
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• 2009

This study examined the relationship between children's academic stress and their sense of hopelessness. In order to expand the study on this relationship, special attention was given to the possible effects of moderators on children's emotional processing style as manifested in a depressed mood. The subjects were 424 $5^{th}$ and 6th graders(197boys and 227 girls) residing in Seoul City and Kyunggi Province, South Korea. It was found that the children's level of academic stress was significantly related to their sense of hopelessness. The results indicated that the higher the children's academic stress, the higher the levels of hopelessness they indicated. No significant effects from moderators as applied to a ruminative emotional processing style were found in the relationship between children's academic stress and their sense of hopelessness. In addition, children's reflective or distractive emotional processing styles were found to be a significant moderator in the relationship between their academic stress and hopelessness. These findings indicate that children's reflective or distractive emotional processing styles could function as a bumper for children who feel academic stress.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.2085-2089
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• 2013

Background: The purpose of this descriptive study was to investigate attitudes women of towards cervical cancer prevention applications and early diagnosis, and whether or not their hopelessness levels had any influence. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out in Isparta with a descriptive design. A sample of 251 individuals was recruited from January 2011 through May 2011 in the largest tea garden (restaurant-cafe). The data collection tool consisted of two parts: a "Questionnaire Form" identifying women; and the "Beck Hopelessness Scale". Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 16.0 for Windows for the numerical and percentage distribution, average, standard deviation with the ANOVA and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: Some 70.2 % of the woman indicated that they had not taken the Pap test. There was a significant relationship between the hopelessness level and women believing that they could protect themselves from getting cervical cancer (F=10.11 p=0.00). There was a significant relationship between hopelessness levels and believing whether or not early diagnosis tests are deterministic (F=8.781 p=0.00). Conclusion: Our study concluded that the hopelessness level of women had an effect on their thoughts about cervical cancer prevention and early diagnosis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.2823-2828
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• 2013

Background: This study was performed to evaluate relationships between different demographic variables and hopelessness and depression in end of life Turkish cancer patients. This study was a descriptive survey with repeated measures conducted a university hospital in the city of Erzurum, in the eastern part of Turkey. The study enrolled 216 patients undergoing palliative treatment at the hospital. Materials and Methods: Data were collected using questionnaires (demographic questionnaire, Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Beck Depression Scale (BDS) and analyzed for demographic and disease-related variable effects on hopelessness and depression. Results: Th hopelessness score was significantly high in female, illiterate, married, and living in rural areas cancer patients. Both hopelessness and depression scores were significantly higher with longer disease duration, receiving radiotherapy treatment, and having metastatic disease. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the coexistence of the physical, psychological, and cognitive problems faced by patients with cancer. Nurses can conduct brief screening assessments to identify patients with probable distress and and psychosocial support, as well as referrals to support services.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.129-138
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between resilience, family support, and hopelessness, as well as to identify the effects of resilience and family support on the hopelessness of elderly inpatients in general hospitals. Methods: A total of 177 elderly persons were recruited from three general hospitals. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson;s correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis. Results: The score on the hopelessness of hospitalized elderly persons was $2.88{\pm}0.88$ (range: 1-5). Multiple regression analysis results showed that participants; hopelessness was significantly influenced by resilience and family support, explaining 35.4% of the total variance. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, there is a need for the development of a resilience and family support program, aimed at reducing hopelessness among elderly persons, in order to promote their mental health.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.59-85
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to identify how traumatic experiences and stresses caused hopelessness and depression among low-income residents, and to delineate what social problem solving capabilities might play roles in relation to the hopelessness theory of depression. For the purpose of the study, the target group of this study was restricted to adults over 20. This study recruited 175 low-income residents(the Beneficiary of National Basic Livelihood Security Act and the Near Poor Group) in Busan, Korea and employed a self-administered survey method during February, 2004. The following are the major results of the study. First, in low-income subjects, stresses showed positive influences on hopelessness. Second, in low-income subjects, stresses and hopelessness showed positive influences on depression. Third, stress influenced depression with hopelessness as the intervening variable, but it was not statistically significant path in traumatic experiences. The hopelessness theory of depression is to test whether the individuals who have negative attributional style and experience negative life events are likely to make negative attributions for the negative events they confront. The present study, using low-income residents, found that negative life experience predict negative attributions without negative attributional style. Fourth, social problem solving capabilities buffered the relationship between stress and hopelessness. It was also significant subscales apart from Positive Problem Orientation and Negative Problem Orientation. Fifth, social problem solving capabilities buffered the relationship between hopelessness and depression. It was also significant subscales apart from Negative Problem Orientation and Impulsivity/Carelessness Style. Based on the results, practice implications by identifying what social problem solving capabilities might play roles in hopelessness theory of depression were discussed.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.457-477
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to confirm the effect of the young generation's Fairness perception on the hopelessness at the present time when the hopelessness of the future that young generation is experiencing is growing with social interest. This study examined the mediating effects of the perceived control and moderating effect self-esteem between the fairness perception and the hopelessness of the young generation. For this purpose, the self-reporting data of 313 young people in their 20s and 30s were collected. The results were as follows: First, fairness awareness was positively correlated with perceived control and self-esteem, and the hopelessness was negatively correlated with fairness awareness, perceive control and self-esteem. Second, perceived control mediated between fairness perception and the hopelessness, Third, self-esteem moderated the relationship between the fairness perception and the hopelessness. The high self-esteem group showed little change in hopelessness due to fairness perception while the low self-esteem group showed a big change in hopelessness due to fairness perception, which means that high self-esteem plays a role in alleviating hopelessness when fairness perception is low. The results of this study can be used as basic data to plan ways to improve mental health and quality of life.