• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.149-160
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• 2012

The relative effects of individual differences in cultural orientation (individualism vs. collectivism) and locus of control (LOC: internal vs. external control beliefs) combination types on global/local processing were compared by manipulating the compound stimulus types (arrows or letters), and the stimulus-stimulus congruence. The results can be summarized as followings. First, consistent with previous research on global/local processing of the compound stimuli, reaction time (RT) for global stimuli than for local stimuli, and that in the stimulus-stimulus congruent condition than in the stimulus-stimulus incongruent condition was faster. Second, faster RT was found in the compound arrows condition than in the compound letters. Third, individual difference in LOC, rather than that in the cultural orientations, appeared to be related to global precedence effect, when the compound letters were presented. These results indicated that the individual's LOC rather than cultural orientation can increase the size of the global precedence effect, which might be involved in the stage of cognitive analysis than that of feature detection.

• MALSORI
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• no.42
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• pp.25-36
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• 2001

Stress assignment has been much discussed in the literature on English compound nouns. The general view of the stress pattern of English compound nouns is that a main stress falls on the first element and a secondary stress on the second element; however, a stress pattern is often employed that provides counterevidence to the traditional pedagogical approach. A new idea is suggested by Ladd(1984) that 'compound stress represents the deaccenting of the head of the compound.' Recent studies show that initial stressing does not indicate compounds and syntactic phrases are not always characterized by final stressing. In his pilot test Pennanen comments on the frequent variation of stress patterns on individual items, on the basis of which Bauer confirms Pennanen's results with different informants. This paper is an attempt to justify Bauer's analysis with the same data as Bauer's and different subjects. It turns out that the competences of native-speaker informants do not rovide clear-cut answers. Some factors should be taken into account in assigning appropirate stress to compound nouns.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.166-166
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• 2023

Compound hazards (CHs) are two or more extreme climate events combined which occur simultaneously in the same region at the same time. Compared to individual hazards, the combination of hazards that cause CHs can result in greater economic losses and deaths. While several extreme climate events have been recorded across Asia for the past decades, many studies have only focused on a single hazard. In this study, we assess the spatiotemporal pattern of dry compound hazards which includes drought, heatwave, fire and wind across Asia for the last 42 years (1980-2021) using the historical data from ERA5 Reanalysis dataset. We utilize a daily spatial data of each climate event to assess the occurrence of such compound hazards on a daily basis. Heatwave, fire and wind hazard occurrences are analyzed using daily percentile-based thresholds while a pre-defined threshold for SPI is applied for drought occurrence. Then, the occurrence of each type of compound hazard is taken from overlapping the map of daily occurrences of a single hazard. Lastly, a multivariate assessment are conducted to quantify the occurrence frequency, hotspots and trends of each type of compound hazard across Asia. By conducting a multivariate analysis of the occurrence of these compound hazards, we identify the relationships and interactions in dry compound hazards including droughts, heatwaves, fires, and winds, ultimately leading to better-informed decisions and strategies in the natural risk management.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.169-176
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• 2004

The clouds-shaped pattern is originated from Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. It stands for good-luck, longevity and productivity. It has been used on its own or with other patterns since the ancient times. It also has various forms. It particularly was used more frequently than any other patterns as a typical good-luck pattern, representing auspiciousness, divine authority, and so on in Chosun dynasty. The pattern, according to its component parts, is classified as individual type and compound type, which is mixed with other patterns such as treasure pattern, plant pattern, letter pattern, or animal pattern. For both individual type and compound type, swastika-shaped cloud pattern was mostly used. For compound type, the pattern compounded of treasure pattern was extraordinarily used a lot. In terms of the arrangement, the most common arrangement methods were brick-shaped arrangement and dense type arrangement, the arrangement method that spreads the patterns all over the surface. Among the fabrics with clouds-shaped pattern, satin damask fabrics had the majority. Clouds-shaped pattern was used a lot in men's Po(coat), such as Dahnryoung, Jiknyoung, Chollik, etc. rather than in women's clothes. It was a typical pattern used in Dahnryoung, an official uniform that represented people in the highest class in Chosun dynasty. The divine power symbol of this pattern indicated the authority and dignity that the upper class people could have.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.71-77
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• 2003

We investigate the phase formation in the compound layer of cast irons during the gaseous nitrocarburising of four different cast irons, that contain different types of graphites in the shape and size. We examine the change in the surface roughness with the nitrocarburising time. The observation of cross-sectional microstructure and X-ray diffraction analysis indicate that the compound layer consists of single ${\varepsilon}-Fe_{2-3}(N,C)$ phase and that its thickness increases in a parabolic manner with the treatment time. The surface roughness parameters, Rz and Ra increase with increasing treatment time. In other words, the roughness parameters increase as the thickness of compound layer increases. The parameters also depend on the shape and size of graphite in the individual cast irons.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.1143-1148
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• 2010

We investigated the separation of nitrogen heterocyclic compound (NHC) contained in a model coal tar fraction comprising four kinds of NHC [indole (In), quinoline (Q), iso-quinoline (iQ), quinaldine (Qu)], three kinds of bicyclic aromatic compound (BAC) [1-methylnaphthalene (1MN), 2-methylnaphthalene (2MN), dimethylnaphthalene (DMN) mixture with ten structural isomers (DMNs; regarded as one component)], biphenyl (Bp) and phenyl ether (Pe) by liquid membrane permeation (LMP). A batch-stirred tank was used as the permeation unit. An aqueous solution of saponin and n-hexane were used as the liquid membrane and the outer oil phase, respectively. Yield and selectivity of individual NHC was much larger than that of BAC, Bp and Pe. Increasing the initial mass fraction of the saponin to the membrane solution ($C_{sap,0}$) and the initial volume fraction of O/W emulsion to total liquid in a stirred tank (${\phi}_{OW,0}$) resulted in deteriorating the yield of individual NHC, but increasing the stirring speed (N) resulted in improving the yield of each NHC. With increasing $C_{sap,0}$, the selectivity of each NHC based on DMNs increased. Increasing ${\phi}_{OW,0}$ and N resulted in decreasing the selectivity of individual NHC based on DMNs. At an experimental condition fixed, the sequence of the yield and selectivity in reference to DMNs for each NHC was Q > Qu = iQ > In. Furthermore, we compared LPM method with methanol extraction method in view of the separation efficiency (yield, selectivity) of NHC.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.811-815
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• 1998

Currently in Korea, standard operating procedure for the analyses of phenolic compounds in water is the spectrometric comparison of colors developed by 4-amino antipyrin with phenolic compounds. It is however that this method cannot identify individual compound and that some phenolic compounds do not react with 4-amino antipyrin. Spectrometric determinations of phenolic compounds were compared with chromatographic analyses of gas chromatography (GC) and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) of various phenolic compounds. Individual phenolic compounds could be determined by both chromatographic methods but HPLC methods were more precise with lower detection levels in general.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.8
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• pp.26-31
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• 2010

This research does focus on realization of customizing recommendation service that all of formal, or informal learning is accomplished at real time according to worker's current situation or business context corresponding with the individual ability and the learning progress at industry or education field. For this, we designed the customizing intelligent recommendation system based on compound knowledge that workers can listen to coaching advices at real time and to retrieve and recommend multidimensional relation easily. Also, we constructed the repository based on compound knowledge and process engine for efficient management of compound knowledge. In specific industry, expert solution or coaching service will be created using the knowledge which is accumulated in long-term.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.82-87
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• 2008

In this paper, the study was carried out to design and implement the medical compound stimulator based on the preexisting individual medical stimulators with Low frequency, High frequency and cooling stimulation. The proposed equipment is designed to compound all the functions including a cooling stimulation with a range of $0{\sim}20^{\circ}C$ and the verified low and high frequencies of 250Hz, 500Hz, 1KHz and 1MHz respectively from the previous clinical experiment with a consideration of its credibility and efficiency. Also, it was constructed by using a new technique, thermoelectricity semiconductor with a consideration of miniaturization and stability. In accordance with patients' treatment purpose, the hand piece of low frequency/cooling stimulation and High frequency/cooling stimulation were separately designed for convenience. The frequency, accuracy and other factors of implemented medical compound stimulator was satisfied according to its measurement. It was also tested by Korean Testing Laboratory (KTL) for its stability and efficacy and it confirmed that the medical compound stimulator is suitable for use as it fits in with the medical equipment standards.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.771-778
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• 2013

Essential oils are increasingly of interest for use as novel drugs acting as antimicrobial and antiviral agents. In the present study, we report the in vitro antiviral activities of 29 essential oils, extracted from Chinese indigenous aromatic plants, against the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Of these essential oils, those oils from ginger, lemon, tea tree, tangerine peel, artemisia, and lemongrass effected a more than 50% inhibition of TMV at 100 ${\mu}g/ml$. In addition, the mode of antiviral action of the active essential oils was also determined. Essential oils isolated from artemisia and lemongrass possessed potent inactivation and curative effects in vivo and had a directly passivating effect on TMV infection in a dose-dependent manner. However, all other active essential oils exhibited a moderate protective effect in vivo. The chemical constitutions of the essential oils from ginger, lemon, tea tree, tangerine peel, artemisia, and lemongrass were identified by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major components of these essential oils were ${\alpha}$-zingiberene (35.21%), limonene (76.25%), terpinen-4-ol (41.20%), limonene (80.95%), 1,8-cineole (27.45%), and terpinolene (10.67%). The curative effects of 10 individual compounds from the active essential oils on TMV infection were also examined in vivo. The compounds from citronellal, limonene, 1,8-cineole, and ${\alpha}$-zingiberene effected a more than 40% inhibition rate for TMV infection, and the other compounds demonstrated moderate activities at 320 ${\mu}g/ml$ in vivo. There results indicate that the essential oils isolated from artemisia and lemongrass, and the individual compound citronellal, have the potential to be used as an effective alternative for the treatment of tobacco plants infected with TMV under greenhouse conditions.